Lecture Notes

Scientific Investigation of mental processes and behavior and how they Lancaster uses tools and research methods to understand mental processes & behavior Has a biological boundary (changing nature of body impacts way we behave and who we are) and a cultural boundary (culture shapes human behavior) Psychology is about understanding a persons biological make-up, their psychological experience and function and cultural background Brief History Psychology has stemmed from philosophical roots and philosophical questions (1)Free will or determinism – Do people freely choose their behavior or Is It characterized from lawful patterns? (2) Mind-Body Problem- How do mental and psychical elements interact?Germany was center of psychological research and thinking In the early stages (19th century) Structuralism (Wilhelm Wound 1832- 1920) father of experimental psychology Focus on elements and introspection of consciousness experience (report of stimulus) 1879 – Wilhelm Wound estab lished the first ever laboratory of psychology Functionalism William James (1842-1910) Criticized Wound's focus on elements and consciousness to behavior Instead of focus n structure of consciousness rather think why (behavior)Strong emphasis on function on mental processes in adapting to the environment Gestalt psychology â€Å"the whole Is bigger than the elements that form the whole† Perception and creating meaning as human beings Experiment orientated Psychodrama perspective Sigmund Freed (1856-1939) Not everything we think, feel and remember we are aware of (unconscious), some aspects of hidden events from us causing anxiety (mental processes in conflict) Dynamic Interplay between consciousness and unconsciousness Past events become part of unconsciousness (find them, relive and talk through) Lecture Notes Revenge Deterrence Get rid of them, get them of the streets Retribution Just desserts Justice, proportionate The punishment must fit the crime It must be proportionate Contravention of social order requires ‘pay back' to society or volt Deterrence Threat of punishment will prevent future crime Hedonistic calculus If the pleasure out ways the pain deterrence is ineffective General Deterrence, and Specific You see a friend commit a crime and you don't want to Specific Is you Certainty, Celerity, Severity These need to be close together In order for deterrence to be affective certainty Is he most important; if you are certain you are going to get caught, you wont do it. Does deterrence work?Sometimes it does work (they get out, and they don't want to go back) and sometimes it doesn't work (people sometimes bargain with the judge to get put into Jail longer, or they go back to crime) Incapacitation (Prison) Symbolic: denouncement of act communicated to offenders and society through use of punishment In the sense of freedom; we as people of society we value our freedom, and taking it away is tough on a lot of people Imprisonment, deprivation of liberty Remove problem elements from society Rehabilitation Address underlying causes facing the offender Focus on offender, not crime Assumes transformation potential of rehabilitation within a punitive context The problem with rehabilitation is that it believes that you can rehabilitate someone in a prison setting; where you got people in an anxious setting etc. ND it becomes a lot more challenging Justice Policies Trend in Policies There is more emphasis on incapacitation, retribution, deterrence Rehabilitation, reparation overshadowed Less focus on solving problems of crime Belief that vindictive punishment is most appropriate response to crime Trend in US ND Canada toward punitive approaches New Pensiveness From mid-sass's Claim of global trend toward harsher CA sanctions More and more punishment is increased, some states in the U. S have totally gotten rid of community sanctions and probation Increase use of prison, more crimes result in prison, increase prison lengths, mandatory minimums More and more punishment is increased, some states in the U. S have totally gotten rid of community sanctions and probation Shaming initiatives, austere prison regimes For example in Arizona they make their inmates wear pink suits Zero tolerance strategiesZero tolerance means they have to report everything even if it's a push fight Three strikes legislation If you do two serious offences on the third serious offence you get a life sentence Use of capital punishment It does not have an effect on crime rates In Canada the death penalty did not have an impact on crime rates In states for the first two weeks it would go down and then it would go right back to where it was Harsh CSS policies are response to increasing public disorder, rising crime, deterioration of moral framework Leap backward, shift away from restraint Stretching the limits of punishment Tough Justice War on Drugs in 1971 Drug offences is what is driving the crime rates in the U. S out the roof Crack: is used by the lower class people Cocaine: is used by the middle and upper class The police are targeting the lower class that is using crack So the prisons and sanctions in the U.S is filled with the minority people, such as blacks and Latinist's Tough on crime policies and election platforms 1980 = 40,000, 2008 = 500,000 Simon: prison used to target race Relationship between ‘Get Tough' and Crime Rates Little relationship between crime and incarceration rates There is no relationship with how tough you are on crime and the crime rate. You can e as tough as you want but it will not put a dent on the crime rate. High welfare spending = low incarceration rates Greater inequality = higher incarceration rates Inefficient – move away from pensiveness Example: Texas vs†¦ California Texas spent a lot of money on offences, which in turn had zero effect on the crime rate, where as California spent no money, and they had the same rates as Texas who spent a lot of money Canada youth incarceration rate Canada put in place laws and barriers that stated you can't put children under the age of 12 in Jail.Criminal Responsibility Category Age Children Under 12 None Youth 12-17 Diminished Adults 18+ Full Legal Legal Classification of Criminal Offences Offence Hearing Punishment Summary Provincial court Judge $2000 both Indictable (Felony: U. S term; both mean the same thing) Less serious: provincial court Judge Most serious: provincial superior court by federally appointed Judge All others: Judge without Jury Up to Life Hybrid Can be summary or indictable Prosecutor discretion Record, circumstances Varies Cocoas: Representations of Crime – Lecture 3 Non. 29) Epistemology – Study of knowledge What do we know about crime? How do we know what we know? How do we acquire our knowledge? What are its limitations?Common Sources News Word of mouth Problems with Understanding Crime Hidden Subject of inquiry is deliberately Insight Criminals have little insight into the broader nature of their behavior What does one murderer know about another Cost Access in costly, time consuming and partial Scope Much crime lies beyond the scope of research Access Sociologists cannot pass effortlessly into every situation Barriers exist within social worlds Representation Social worlds are not representative Official Sources of Crime Statistics The Crime Funnel Citizens detect crime A lot of people do not report crime, for reasons being: Fear Can resolve it on your own Police might/wont do anything about it May not think it's a crime/don't define it as a crime Street youth, they don't trust the police because they are victimized If you are engaging in criminal behavior you won't report crime to the police.Uniform Crime Reports Standardized counts of crime known to police National statistic s about crime Applies standard definitions to all offences Counts used to determine crime rates The Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics Limitations Mainly the crime funnel Justice system does not give an accurate portrayal of crime Unreported crime The â€Å"dark figure† of crime Self-Report Surveys Asks people about the crimes they have committed You can get peoples attitude etc Who commits the most crime: Young Adults Identifies some unreported crimes (dark figure) Measure attitudes and prevalence of offending (primary peers) Factorization Surveys Asks victims about crimes they did not report Indicate that a large number of crimes are not reported Example: Canadian Urban Factorization Survey Direct Measures Economic loss, physical injury, property damage Indirect Measures Fear of crime and its effects People don't want to be alone at night Lock the doorsEstablish new expectations and measurements for police effectiveness Increase understanding and trust between police an d immunity leaders Empower and strengthen community-based efforts Commitment to long-term proactive prevention strategies Decentralized operations and management Develop new skills in police Racial and Criminal Profiling Racial Criminal Any action undertaken for reasons of safety, security or public protection, that relies on stereotypes about race, color, ethnicity, ancestry, religion, or place of origin, or a combination of these, rather than on a reasonable suspicion, to single out an individual for greater scrutiny or different treatment.Relies on actual behavior or on information about suspected activity by someone who tests the description of a specific individual. What is Racial Profiling? Based on stereotypical assumptions because of one's race, color, ethnicity, etc. Evidence of disproportionate stops When is it profiling? B, women in spousal relationship killed, airport Good police work or self-fulfilling prophecy â€Å"Intuition†, â€Å"suspicion† Visibility , definition If you are a young black male with an education you are more likely to be stopped by police. ** By in large police officers in Canada are intelligent hard working people who want to serve Justice to the general public. **

The Critical Thinker and Culture

The Critical Thinker and Culture R. Steve Terry American Sentinel University BSN 43611-A May 30, 2011 Margaret Lowenthal Abstract Using the textbook: Rubenfeld, M. G. & Scheffer, B. K. (2010). Critical Thinking Tactics for Nurses: Achieving the IOM Competencies, 2nd Ed. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7637-6584 Using the checklist in Box 3-2, reflect on your culture and how it might affect your critical thinking habits of the mind. Then think of someone you work with who comes from a culture different from yours. Think of a patient from a different culture. How do you think those persons would answer the questions? Introduction: Taken directly from my first paper, â€Å" â€Å". Thinking as a Critical Thinker Critical thinking is something we do every day in our nursing jobs, and yet we don't put names to the parts and pieces of just what it is we are doing while making those decisions. Reading the first two chapters of our text book has opened my eyes, not only to what I do on a daily basis, but has given me insight on how to breakdown the process of critical thinking into manageable parts, with definitions for each phase. This breakdown of the process will not only help me in my day-to-day duties but will also help me communicate the process more easily to my peers. Now what would happen to the critical thinker when you add his or her cultural aspects to the way they put together and analyze their information gathered as that critical thinker? Do you think the influences of one’s upbringing may enhance or impair critical thinking in the nursing field? Let’s start out by investigating my culture of youth where I was born into the Appalachian area of West Virginian. Appalachian Culture Appalachian is a land of high mountains and green forests, abundant springs and rivers, varied plants, animal and bird life. Its Cumberland range is big coal mining country. Its farms are traditionally small operations. The area to which you will be traveling is one of rich history and tradition (Commission on Religion of Appalachia, 1992). Being brought up in West Virginia, I have many memories of a style of living that my grandparents and their parents taught me about. One of the funniest traditions we have is a distrust of doctors. Where I’m from in South Central, West Virginia, people only go to the hospital to die. It’s my belief that this came about because most people from the hills only made it to the hospital at the last stages of disease so it was felt it was the last place to go before one dies. And this is not just in West Virginia it’s in all the Appalachian area. The geographic boundaries of Appalachia include portions of 13 states, reaching from southern New York to northern Mississippi. It contains 398 counties in the following states: Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. West Virginia is the only state that the region completely covers. The region is rural and urban, rich and poor (Frank S. Riddel, ed, 1984). Process of Learning Trust If you had asked me what critical thinking was before today, I would have probably explained in terms that resembled the nursing process, because that is what I have been educated about for eighteen years; but, don’t think it’s been easy for me. On the contrary, because of my cultural upbringing and the distrust in medicine that has long plagued not only Appalachia but my family as well, it was very difficult in the beginning of my nursing career to learn the subtle truths about creating a â€Å"trust† atmosphere between myself and members of my cultural community. According to Rubenfield and Sheffer, â€Å"critical thinking is the metaphorical bridge between information and action† (Rubenfield & Scheffer, 2010). That’s exactly what it has been for me, a bridge to bring trust to members of my community. One of the biggest areas of difference in Appalachia and most other cultural areas is the distrust of anything that is outside of the community (Frank S. Riddel, ed, 1984). I believe as a critical thinker that knowing this has helped me understand how to communicate trust to this community and by knowing first the culture of my community it has helped me discern area’s that I can control and areas that I cannot. I know to use the habits of confidence and perseverance to reckon with my community to build trust, because these are areas that my culture see’s as important, although they live in present tense at most times, I feel that I can help them understand, â€Å"the tomorrow†, if not getting treatment today type of concept. Conclusion Culture is just one of many aspects one must consider before jumping to any conclusions about communication. This is also true about critical thinking. This is why flexibility, open-mindedness and perseverance are such import parts of the Critical Thinking habits of the mind. Without them we may decide to just give up because we don’t understand why someone may not understand our end goals and why we want to help them. References Commission on Religion in Appalachia, â€Å"Economic transformation: The Appalachian Challenge†(Knoxville, TN C. O. R. A. , 1992). Frank S. Riddel, ed. , â€Å"Appalachia: Its People, Heritage and Problems† (Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1984), xi. Rubenfeld, M. G. & Scheffer, B. K. (2010). Critical Thinking Tactics for Nurses: Achieving the IOM Competencies, 2nd Ed. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Bureaucracy and Liberalisation

After independence the newly emerged Indian State was characterized by the dominant role in all the spheres of society. It was a welfare state whose objective was to secure political, social and economic justice to all the sections of Indian population. The Westminister model of parliamentary democracy with universal adult franchise was adopted. In social field, various evils in the society were sought to be eradicated by the State.Untouchability was abolished and social reforms were undertaken. In the economic sphere, the state not only regulated the market, it also emerged as the major employer providing employment opportunities to the people. India adopted the policy of mixed economy/a powerful public sector was created. For Nehru, the public sector undertakings were the temples of modern India. Their objective was to assist in the rapid economic growth and industrialisation of the country.Over the years their number and investments have grown in size and quantity. While in 1951, there were five central public sector undertakings (PSUs) with an investment of Rs 29 crores, now there are as many as 243 enterprises with a total investment of Rs 1,78,628 crores. The private sector was also to play an important role in the mixed economy. However it was highly regulated and controlled economy as far as the private sector was concerned. Rightly it was called the licence-quota permit Raj.However the collapse of socialist political and economic system in earstwhile Soviet Union and other socialist states led to the emergence of a global economy which meant introducing competitive markets, liberalising foreign trade and opening up the economy for foreign investment. According to Marina Pinto â€Å"Liberalisation is the policy of removal of restrictions, trade barriers and protectionist measures to enable the free flow of capital, technology and services. It is generally seen in the context of globalization and privatization. † In eighties liberalisation process started taking place in India economy.But the severe foreign exchange and fiscal crisis in early 1990's compelled India to take massive loan from IMF and world Bank which as critics point out, dictated India to liberalise its economy. This was done under the leadership of Dr. Manmohan Singh, the Finance Minister in P. V. Narsimha Rao Government. The New Industrial Policy of 1991, stated that â€Å"Foreign investment and technology collaboration will be welcomed to obtain higher technology, to increase exports and to expand the production base. † The Licence-quota permit Raj has been given a good-bye and the economic system has largely become competitive.Even in the public sector the nine major public sector undertakings or Navratnas—Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL), Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOC), Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited (IPCL), National Thermal P ower Corporation Limited (NTPC), Oil;National Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC), Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) and Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) have been given considerable financial and functional autonomy.The Government was also considering to include more public sector undertakings in this list. However this does not mean that the role of the State would recede and it would only concentrate on the maintenance of law and order. The state continues to be a welfare state. It will continue to ameliorate the conditions of poor and down-troddens. The economic policies are to be realistic. Jagdish Bhagwati, one of the leading economists says that the first fifty years of independence has been â€Å"half a century of foolish policies, which cost her (India) growth and hence a significant opportunity to ameliorate poverty. Now rational policies are to be drafted and implemented with due regard to monitoring of policies in stages. This also means that the generalist administ ration will either be substituted by the experts or they be given their due place in the administration. The bureaucracy will have to be responsive and transparent and infact the entire work ethos has to be changed. It also means maximum possible delegation of authority and sufficient decentralized control. Ultimately it may lead to debureaucratization of the administration.The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment providing for local self government is designed to transfer the developmental functions to the local self government. We may be witness to gradual shrinking of the state and its administrative machinery. But this does not mean that state would recede in the background. It may be a scenario where we have a reoriented, purposive accountable and transparent administration as a friend, philosopher and guide. The essential condition for all this is poliucal will, integrity and honesy at higher levels of politics and de-criminalisation of politics.

Geology and the Environment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Geology and the Environment - Research Paper Example The paper outlines the perspective of using solar power as the future source of energy, compared to coal-mining industry. As the world gets bigger, as economies get larger, as the human population increases, the demand for energy also amplifies. Everyone wants the maximum amount of energy that can be produced; over the centuries, man has found numerous ways to bring power into their lives, ranging from combustion of fossil fuels, to wind power. This essay will compare and contrast two of these possible energy sources, coal with solar energy, and attempt to find out which source produces energy in the most effective and desirable way. Solar power is more environmental friendly as compared to power released from coal, in terms of the physical effects it has on the environment. As mentioned earlier, solar power is generated using only radiation from the sun; we receive sunlight every single day on earth, and solar panels only have to capture this radiation and convert it into power to u se. Generating power using coal, however, requires coal to be dug out from the ground. There are several ways of extracting coal from the ground, including strip mining, surface mining, open pit mining, mountain top removal. These types of mining inflict tremendous amount of damage to the environment since they involve the complete destruction of all trees, mountains, rivers, anything that is in the vicinity of the coal mine. Mining for coal can also lead to the pollution of the air and water bodies near the coal mine. (Shah, 2011); toxic materials from the mining process can get washed away into rivers or lakes that are near the mining site ("Coal," page 8). Also, the removal of trees can lead to increased chances of landslides and subsidence ("Coal," page 4). All in all, the process of extracting coal leaves behind a barren, ugly landscape, whereas solar power is generated in a way that does not harm the physical environment. Solar power also means no more grid systems (Whitburn, no date). Solar power can be generated using solar panels that are attached onto the roofs of houses, there is no need to be connected to electrical grids to receive power. This feature of solar power is particularly useful to the people living in isolated areas far away from electrical grid, since it means they no longer have to face the problem of "frequent power-cuts," and expensive electricity, (Whitburn, no date). Indeed, this "transmission infrastructure," is the  "major culprit  behind skyrocketing electricity prices"; also, reliance on off-grid solar power means that the 7 - 10%  line loss  that occurs as power is being transmitted along the power lines, can be avoided, (Land use: Solar Power Vs. Coal Fired Electricity Generation, 2010). Energy produced by coal however, does require the support of grid systems to transfer it to people. How do people working in the coal mining and solar

Discrimination In Schools - And How It Affects Students Way of Life Essay

Discrimination In Schools - And How It Affects Students Way of Life - Essay Example This essay stresses that the affects of discrimination for the gay student during teenage years is nothing short of harrowing. These students confront harassment and abuse from their peers that is specifically directed at them because of their perceived or genuine sexual orientation. In many instances, issues regarding gay discrimination are not properly addressed by school administrators. In fact, there have been documented cases in which educators themselves have been involved in hostile discriminatory actions towards gay students. As a result, gay students are at a â€Å"considerable and disproportionate risk for mental health problems, self-endangerment and self-injury as well as for poor school performance, absenteeism, and dropping out of school†. This paper makes a conclusion that discriminatory behavior generates an adverse as well as humiliating impact on students, affecting their lives in and out of the classroom. This impact is strong and lasts a lifetime. The facts this paper discusses are, in themselves, a revolting admission of how far we have not come 40 years after tolerance was made a federal law. But what makes the situation even more distasteful is that the very system entrusted with educating and protecting students have abandoned the ideals that decry discrimination and thus the vast majority of children who fit into one or more of these categories, which equals the vast majority of children overall.

Some academics and opinion leaders have considered 'gatewatching' and Essay

Some academics and opinion leaders have considered 'gatewatching' and 'produsage' the driving forces of Web 2.0. With re - Essay Example (What Is Web 2.0) Many academicians all over the world have started doing an in depth analysis on the concept of the Web 2.0 and have found that ‘gatewatching’ and ‘produsage’ have become the driving forces of this web generated collection of applications. These terms have been further explained within this paper with respect to other spheres like technological convergence, collective intelligence and democratization and how this has helped to further propagate the practice of making use of the Web 2.0. Gatewatching is basically a term used to refer to the process whereby which people tend to post different interesting stories and pieces of news all over the internet. This is all furnished from time to time on different websites and people can gain access to the same through search engines by typing in keywords. It is a very helpful and integral part of Web 2.0 because it has helped a large number of people in searching and finding information as per their n eeds with respect to reliable sources all over the internet. This is a practice that has been followed in the field of citizen journalism as well. It is also known as ‘gatekeeping’ news because anyone can post absolutely anything with respect to any topic of concern and that is why it has helped in creating a number of controversies all over the world as well. For example, in recent news, the founder of Wikileaks, Julian Assange was arrested for having leaked out vital information and news stories through such ways of citizen journalism; Wikileaks is a website whereby which news and stories are posted anonymously by reporters and people all over the world. Anyone can come ahead and submit information of importance to other people, and once it has been verified by the department at the website, it is published for the public in order to read and verify details regarding a certain topic at hand. (Gatewatching and Citizen Journalism) There are a number of communities and g roups that carry out gatewatching as well, instead of individual people having to submit their information elsewhere on to different websites. They help to offer a much better perspective along with a forum of discussion from people all around the world as to whatever has been happening or whatever has been posted. Axel Bruns, along with two other of his co workers, began the Gatewatching blog where the website is run with the help of information that they receive from all over the world with respect to important events happening in Australia, and now recently, everywhere. They have also, through the website, tried to promote the concept of citizen journalism, by taking on the task of reporting important events taking place during the Australian elections from the late 2008 and onwards. Such websites are very informative and provide opinions with respect to whatever has been happening, for the benefit of the common people who might not be aware of what has been going on in the news in their surroundings. They help people formulate their own opinions and not get swayed by a certain stance on a certain subject of matter or interest. Thus, it does help a great in bringing about democracy within a country. In countries like China where the government will even take the required steps, like it

Financial and monitoring strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Financial and monitoring strategy - Essay Example The new Office and Finance Manager has proposed the following financial and monitoring system with special attention to the legal and tax information requirements of ATO. As Real-time is registered for paying both GST and PAYG, the company is liable to maintain and provide records pertaining to tax calculations. These records should be kept for a minimum of 5 years as per legal requirements. As the company registered last year for payment of both these taxes, it is proposed that back up copies of accounting records and information listed as below to be kept in both hard copy forms as well as in soft copies written to CDs. As Real-time is currently having a computerized accounting system with customized business software, it is not a difficult task to acquire the necessary information and reports. However there is a marked lack of procedures for maintaining some of the above records and proof of information such as cheque stubs, deposit slips and credit card dockets. At most times, these items are discarded at month end or misplaced without being file and kept for record keeping. As such it is proposed that a record room be allocated separately for safekeeping or accruing records, bearing in mind the minimum five year requirement for maintaining business records to meet legal requirements. Investment in a low range server is also proposed so that the company’s computer system can be updated and all personnel be linked via network connections. This upgrading will also facilitate the implementation of the fleet tracking and monitoring software program proposed in a bid to minimize idle times, and other costs associated with ineffective delivery activities. As GST is payable on the service bills of Real-time, the GST component of 10% of bill value will be recorded in all invoices. The invoicing system has been already adjusted to carry out this task and the GST payable component is calculated automatically by

Rachel Carson and the Enviromental Movement Research Paper

Rachel Carson and the Enviromental Movement - Research Paper Example She continued her personal research and writings about the environment and ecological issues during her federal service and subsequently published two books Under the Sea Wind (1941) and The Sea around Us (1951). Carson was conferred with two doctorate degrees; national book award and a national science writing prize and excerpts from her later book were reprinted in famous magazines like Science Digest, The Yale Review and The New Yorker. Later she left her federal employment and started to focus on third book The Edge of the Sea (1955). In early 1957, a letter from an old friend from Duxbury, Massachusetts described declining rates of bird population in her private sanctuary after the authorities’ sprayed fuel oil and DDT. Immediately, Carson researched DDT and other chemicals toxic effects and this became the basis of her next book Silent Spring (1962) (Mahoney, 2009). Silent Spring was initially published in serialized magazine form, later it was released in the form of a book (Clapp, 2000). The book became an instant bestseller and was widely covered by media. More than 250,000 copies of her book were sold in the first four months of its release making it a bestseller (Lantier, 2009). Back then, forest and crop lands were extensively sprayed with pesticides such as DDT to eradicate insect pests. However, unexpected consequences were witnessed due to spraying against fire ants in South and mosquitoes along the coastal line from New York to Maine. The result was successful eradication of insect pests and disease vectors but at the cost of immense damage to local fauna, wild life and environment. Scientists documented decline in fish, birds and animal population along with water and soil contamination. Also, alarming variations in the reproductive patterns and egg shells of various birds that primarily fed on fish were noticed. These changes not only indicated hormonal and reproductive changes but also a steep decline in avian population that could end anger the existence of certain species (Lear, 2001). Specifically, three unrelated events were extremely vital in providing evidence to Carson for the detrimental effects of pesticides, chemicals and toxic wastes on human health and environment. First one, involved the USDA campaign to eradicate fire ant from Southern states by spraying with dieldrin and heptachlor. These two pesticides accumulated in water ways and soil causing wildlife damage (Lear, 1993). As a consequence of fire ant control program heavy invertebrate immortality, population decline, slow recovery rate and residual traces of heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide was witnessed in majority of fauna in treated area (Dunlap, 2008). Carson (2002) labeled the fire ant eradication program as â€Å"ill-conceived, badly executed and thoroughly detrimental experiment in destruction of animal life†. Secondly, the aerial spraying of DDT mixed with fuel oil for mosquito control caused decline in bird population in coastal areas (Lear, 1993). Thirdly, DDT was sprayed on elm trees in Michigan State University campus aiming to eliminate bark beetle that was responsible for spreading the Dutch elm disease. However, along with pest elimination large population of robin died as a result of feeding on earthworms; that fed on DDT infested leaves (Lear, 1993). Other primary events that justified Carson’s claims was banning of cranberry product sale for three years (1957-59) as high levels of toxic chemicals known to cause cancer in rats was discovered

Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 23

Discussion Questions - Essay Example s still a big field for most business people and academics to be concerned with it, especially in todays connected and digital world, enhanced by advanced information and communications technologies like the cell phone and the Internet. These inventions in improved communications has also presented a new set of challenges for marketing professionals because of the rapidity of these changes and with it, the speed by which information travels in the World Wide Web by way of dissemination. The influence of the Internet today reaches far and wide; it also influences daily lives in many ways because it has become ubiquitous as more people get connected on-line with the rise or growth in the Internet penetration. The sheer omnipresence of the Internet has presented new opportunities and problems for marketeers as they struggle to connect with their consumers in a digital world. An example of this is the rise of so-called on-line communities put up by the firms to help them connect with buyers but has presented some difficulties for them in most instances, because of their failure to recognize the four pillars of a successful hyper-sociality in tribalization efforts (Moran & Gossieaux, 2010, p. 238) and the primary reason for shutting these sites down. Many big firms, especially global enterprises, have resorted to use of a fancy integrated marketing communications (IMC) but the practice also has its drawbacks. In particular, not many people know or understand what it actually means, because it is still an emerging discipline. It is still in infancy and there is a dearth of literature on the subject (Kitchen, Kim & Schultz, 2008, p. 532) such that what happened is that practice has instead gone ahead of the theories on IMC. The way to counter this seeming ignorance is that proposed by using a consumer-centric perspective that combines both IMC and relationship marketing to sustain loyalty (Finne & Gronroos, 2009, p. 180) among consumers of the company which transcends

Pharmacy Service Essay Example for Free

Pharmacy Service Essay At each hour, tech took scripts from that hour’s slot and entered all required data into pharmacy info system (so no one looked at script until 1 hour before pickup) Info logged in: Patient contact info Doctor contact info Third party payor info – insurance companies, employers Drug name Dosage Number of doses Number of refills System performed an automated Drug Utilization Review: Automated check of script against all other prescriptions in CVS database for patient; looking for harmful drug interactions and appropriateness of drug for patient given age, weight, gender, etc. Hard Stop = fulfillment process cannot proceed until DUR reviewed by pharmacist if automated review reveals any potential problems Hard Stop Good for patient safety Hard Stop Bad for slowing down process, lowering efficiency Insurance check was done after DUR. Checking to make sure insurance still valid, script matches drugs on formulary, customer not trying to refill too soon, etc. In most cases, script would still be filled even if there was a problem with insurance customer would simply be told to pay full amount at pickup. Potential Data Entry Problems: Tech couldn’t read handwriting on script, No refills allowed on script (6%), DUR hard stop (20%), Insurance problems (17%) Production Scripts were filled by pharmacy technicians Potential Production Problem: Insufficient inventory – patient wouldn’t find out until pick-up that drug wasn’t available Quality Assurance Pharmacist reviewed each script to make sure it was filled correctly. First priority is customer safety! Potential Quality Assurance Problem : None identified Pickup Bags stored in pickup area in alphabetical order until customer came for pickup. Potential Pickup Problems: Many, including staff couldn’t find script, unauthorized refill, script not covered by insurance – customer asked to pay full price, script not ready (waiting for doctor or insurance call-back or queue backed-up). Worst between 5-7 p. m. – long lines of angry customers – hard to get staff to work that shift. 6. How can IT help with streamlining the process at CVS pharmacies? Get Teams to come up with a solution to problems in fulfillment process keeping 3 goals in mind: 1) Doesn’t degrade safety at all 2) Decreases waiting time 3) Improves customer satisfaction What CVS did to improve fulfillment process: Drop off, data entry, insurance check – all done while customer is present. Data entry completed at drop-off while customer was still there – made it easier to verify customer insurance information. Insurance check is now done with customer present. Used to be they’d just make sure your name, address, and birth date were on prescription and let you go. At local CVS, there is a â€Å"new† drop-off window away from cash register where pick-ups are done. Clerks enter data into computer while you are still there. CVS was missing the opportunity to identify and resolve problems early in the process, when the customer is still present. Under old system, no one would look at script until 1 hour before pick-up – not enough time to resolve any problems. Clerk asks for best number to reach customer in case of a problem, which is a change from the past. Staff can also inform customer about insufficient inventory at drop off instead of customer finding out when they come back for pick-up. Automated â€Å"instock† check. Also, box that held prescriptions was replaced by an online â€Å"virtual queue,† which can be displayed on all workstations in the pharmacy. Virtual queue tells techs and pharmacist what prescriptions to work on filling next. 2) Production – prescription is filled by tech. No change here – techs have always been the ones to fill the prescriptions. 3) DUR and QA – done by pharmacist in single step. DUR process was folded into Quality Assurance step – DUR no longer part of Data Entry. Both DUR and QA are done after prescription is filled. DUR should not be done when customer is present; don’t want customer to get the impression that the drug could be harmful because they might be less likely to take it. Also, DUR is done at pharmacist’s station during QA – more efficient use of pharmacist’s time to check filled prescription for accuracy and deal with any problems revealed during automated DUR. However, pharmacists could argue that it makes no sense, and is in fact dangerous to fill prescription before DUR is completed. PSI team had to â€Å"sell† the new process using communication efforts that were persuasive and effective. Also, changes were mandatory, not optional, so team used both hard sell and soft sell techniques to win pharmacists over. There were a total of 7 elements in the PSI program that all CVS pharmacies had to adopt – they couldn’t pick and choose among the 7. 4) Pickup When there is a problem discovered with a script, an Action Note is filled out so that staff manning Pickup can adequately explain the problem to the customer, based on what the Action Note says. Case highlights IT’s principle capabilities: Design Standardization Monitoring Case also points out concerns that changes in process will be resisted by pharmacists, even though the new process changes no responsibilities or rights of pharmacists. This was a top-down change that was necessary to improve customer service.

Purchase intentions for ready to eat products

Purchase intentions for ready to eat products Research Question: The research focuses on determining the consumer preferences and purchase intentions for packaged and ready to eat food products. Moreover, we also look into how and to what extent factors like relationship of social, demographics, psychographic/ lifestyle, personal and external media influences the purchase decision Synthesis and Application Consumer decision- making styles in short, shopping styles like lifestyles, are a prominent area of interest in consumer behaviour studies. Consumer choice processes vary according to the type of product involved, the timing and the people involved (Burns Gentry, 1990:520). Although brand decision-making represents a fair amount of deliberation during consumer decision making, it does not represent the whole consumer decision-making process (Harrel, 1990:739). (Alet C Erasmus, Elizabeth Boshoff and GG Rousseau, 2001) Consumers purchasing decisions take place over a period of time. The overall goal during this decision process is to evaluate various alternatives and choose the product that satisfies the consumer in an optimal way. Consumers get influenced by several major factors while they make their decisions. These factors can be grouped as social, cultural, pscyhological, and personal factors( Kotler Armstrong, 1997: 141). In addition, increase in the number and variety of goods, stores, and shopping malls, and the availability of multicomponent products and electronic purchasing capabilities have broadened the sphere for consumer choice and led to complicated decision making. (Hafstrom et al., 1992). One or more specific shopping styles dimensions may influence consumer-shopping choices, and these influences are relatively enduring (Sproles and Kendall, 1986). Broadly speaking, these are 3 types of approaches in studying consumer decision-making styles: Psychographic/lifestyle approach, which identifies hundreds of characteristics related to consumer behaviour; Consumer typology approach, which classifies consumers into several types; Consumer characteristics approach, which focuses on different cognitive dimensions of consumer decision-making (Fan et al., 1998). Since ready to eat packaged food has met a stiff resistance on health grounds, the decision maker in the family is also an important aspect. Prior research in this area has found that mothers make the purchasing decisions for monthly food expenditures of the family however, fathers carry out the act of purchasing. Promotional activities such as commercials, new product development efforts, packaging, pricing distribution strategies all play a significant role in determining the person that makes the purchasing decision in the family (Elif Akagà ¼n Ergin, Handan ÃÆ'-zdemir, Bà ¼lent ÃÆ'-zsaà §macÄ ±, 2005) Sproles and Kendall (1986) developed a Consumer Style Inventory (CSI) based on the assumption that consumer decision-making behaviour can be explained by eight central decision-making dimensions that influence a consumers decision making behaviour. The eight decision-making style dimensions were: perfectionism/high-quality consciousness, brand consciousness, novelty consciousness, price/value consciousness, impulsive/careless shoppers, recreational and hedonistic shopping consciousness, confused by over-choice shoppers, and habitual and brand/store loyal shoppers. Despite the eight-dimensional structure being confirmed in the original study, there are indications that the eight-factor model does not hold good in real life. Packaged food industry: Consumer behaviour Favorable nutrition information presented on a Nutrition Facts panel also led to more positive attitudes toward the product, nutrition, and purchase intentions and reduced perceived disease risk. The effects of the nutrition information on all dependent variables were more pronounced in the menu context than in the package context, even though the nutrient values were identical. (John C. Kozup, Elizabeth H. Creyer, Scot Burton, 2003). Moreover, that social class is basically inferior to income as a correlate of buying behavior for the consumer packaged goods. Perhaps some types of packaged foods not covered in this study would have shown greater purchasing relationships with social class; e.g., frozen shrimp and other types of cocktail snacks. (Myers, Stanton and Haug, 1971) These products tend to be criticized because:-   They typically are high in fat and calorie contents The reduced time cost and nutritional content associated with these foods is specifically blamed for obesity Sometimes Genetically Modified Foods are used Sometimes an irradiation process is used If heat processing is used the vitamins are lost Preservatives are always used Packaged food: Indian market In developing countries like India, the preferences of the consumers clearly indicate their priority for cleanliness/freshness of food products followed by price, quality, variety, packaging, and non-seasonal availability. The consumers preference of marketplace largely depends on the convenience in purchasing at the marketplace along with the availability of additional services, attraction for children, basic amenities and affordability (Jabir Ali, Sanjeev Kapoor, Janakiraman Moorthy, 2010) Consumer demand for detailed information regarding content and nutrition of packaged food products is likely to increase due to booming organized retail sector in India. There is awareness about different types of information on the food labels displayed on packaged food products, however, usage of such information as one of the criteria while purchasing packaged food product is relatively low. Indian consumers assign very high importance to information about food ingredients and nutritional contents of the food. They also have very strong preference for brand and the taste of the product. This preference makes them purchase a packaged food item even though it may not meet their criteria of healthy food or may contain some harmful ingredients. Most lifestyle products such as breakfast cereals, readymade dressings etc. that would mostly be used by people who have relatively higher levels of income and education would pay more attention to various kinds of label information. Moreover, the awareness regarding label information is dependent on the consumers level of education, income and kind of occupation. (Sushil Kumar and Anuttera Pandit, 2005) Additionally, researchers have also shown that as convenience becomes the goal for households, with an increase in the number of urban population, working women and income levels, RTE has become the fastest growing sub-segment in the packaged food category. However, in India home cooked food is the first choice. At the moment, regional and non-vegetarian cuisines are relatively under-serviced, with concentration on the vegetarian. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The Research Design chosen is: Exploratory Research: Secondary Data Articles, Journals , Depth Interviews, Focus Group Discussions Conclusive Research: Descriptive Survey and Observation Firstly an exploratory research was conducted to gain insights and understanding about consumer buying behavior and customer preferences vis a vis RTE food products. This was done through the review of academic literature and depth interviews of retailers to identify relevant psychographic factors influencing customer purchase decisions. Secondly descriptive research has been undertaken in order to Profile the heavy users( frequent shoppers) of RTE products Quantitatively analyze the specified population exhibiting certain behavior regarding customer preferences Understand the degree of association of marketing variables with respect to packaged food products Make suitable recommendations. Data will be collected through structured questionnaires designed for the consumers. Depth interviews will be conducted for Retailers in Kozhikode. These responses have been analyzed by various statistical methods. Pretesting: Since our questionnaire has a majority of multiple choice questions there was a possibility of encountering order/position bias. This was done away with by having various sample forms filled with orders of questions as well as choices changed and finally the present form was frozen. The wording of certain questions was also changed after some rounds to pretesting making them more effective for understanding. For example Question 9 in the questionnaire has been changed from e.g. Before Pretesting: Q8. What influences your decision for the food products that you consume? After Pretesting:Q8. What influences your (as an individual) decision on choice of food products you purchase? Sampling technique Sampling methods are classified as either  probability  or  non-probability. In probability samples, each member of the population has a known non-zero probability of being selected. Probability methods include random sampling, systematic sampling, and stratified sampling. In non-probability sampling, members are selected from the population in some nonrandom manner. These include convenience sampling, judgment sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling Random sampling  is the purest form of probability sampling. Each member of the population has an equal and known chance of being selected. Systematic sampling  is often used instead of random sampling. It is also called an Nth name selection technique. After the required sample size has been calculated, every Nth record is selected from a list of population members. Stratified sampling  is commonly used probability method that is superior to random sampling because it reduces sampling error. A stratum is a subset of the population that share at least one common characteristic. Convenience sampling  is used in exploratory research where the researcher is interested in getting an inexpensive approximation of the truth. Judgment sampling  is a common non-probability method. The researcher selects the sample based on judgment. This is usually an extension of convenience sampling. Quota sampling  is the non-probability equivalent of stratified sampling. Like stratified sampling, the researcher first identifies the stratums and their proportions as they are represented in the population. Then convenience or judgment sampling is used to select the required number of subjects from each stratum. Snowball sampling  is a non-probability method used when the desired sample characteristic is rare. It may be extremely difficult or cost prohibitive to locate respondents in these situations. Snowball sampling relies on referrals from initial subjects to generate additional subjects. Sampling technique that we will use in our research will be the Convenient Sampling. The data will be collected through soliciting responses to the questionnaire designed for the study. The respondents will be contacted either in person or through e-mail. Sampling frame: Sampling frame is the actual set of units from which a sample has been drawn. In the ideal case, the sampling frame should coincide with the population of interest. For our research, the sampling frame that we will use consists of retail shops, groceries stores and malls. This sampling frame will ensure that the respondents chosen for the survey are the actual consumers/customers of the ready to eat food. E-mail will also be used to as a medium of data gathering. Since the people who usually consume the ready to eat food belongs to the relatively younger age group, the use of e-mail to invite the response will make sure that the survey is directed to the right target population. Sample size: The  sample size  of a  statistical sample  is the number of observations that constitute it. A larger sample size leads to increased  precision  in estimates of various properties of the  population. The sample size of 200 has been chosen for the survey. As according to central limit theorem, a sample of size of minimum 30 observations is required to perform statistical analysis. This sample was large enough to provide the data which could be further used for analysis and interpretation. Data Collection: The data will be collected through the questionnaires. The questionnaires will be filled either through soliciting replies through e-mails or contacting respondents personally. Thus the primary source of the data will be used in the analysis. Data Analysis We have designed our questionnaire such that the responses would give us nominal and interval data. We will be using the following techniques to analyze this data Univariate/ Bivariate Analysis Correlation and regression Multivariate Techniques such as cluster analysis, factor analysis (as applicable) ANNEXURE FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION (FGD) Introduction The purpose of the discussion was to conduct evaluative research to determine (in order of priority) Understand the perception of the target audience about Packaged Ready to eat food Identify the main factors that influence a buyer to buy the products Understand the need of getting varieties in the ready to eat food material Identify the consumer preference of ready to eat food products Target Audience As per our understanding, ready to eat food would be generally preferred by Married women who dont get time to cook food Young working professionals and college students who stay in flats as bachelors Working population who travel a lot Focus Group Attributes There were 6 participants and discussion was moderated by a moderator. We selected participants from the PGP13 and PGP14 batches of IIM Kozhikode such that there were 2 female students who got married and were working before joining IIM K shared their past experiences 2 students (1 male and 1 female) who joined as freshers shared their experiences as graduation students and also as MBA students 2 students (both males) shared their experiences while they were working in jobs that involved a lot of travelling, before joining IIM K Seating pattern was as shown in the figure P3 P4 P22 P- Focused Group participants P5 P6 P1 M- Moderator M Beginning the Focus Group Discussion: The moderator welcomed the group with his introduction and facilitated introduction of the group too Moderator gave an overview of the topic This is an attempt to know the preferences regarding Packaged Ready to Eat foods from the young bachelors, from working women as they have to take care of the food at home and manage time also and from college going students who have scarcity of time and also look for variety and different taste in the products Subsequently the moderator set the ground rules. The moderator used predetermined questions and an assistant moderator took careful notes. Topics Discussed in the group Question: If ready to eat products are easily available in the market how many of you would like to purchase? Discussion: The group members had different preferences. Some members were concerned about the variety of products available and the price for the quantity. There was a small discussion around the usage of the pack and time factor. One member talked about how he started buying RTE as he stayed alone and this was very convenient to make and it gets ready in few minutes. It saves a lot of time and energy. Ranking was given to different attributes and the final rankings are as follows Taste Time saving activity Easier availability Increased convenience Food variety Price Question: What kind of options should be present in packaged food that you would plan to purchase? Discussion: Everyone was of the opinion that instant mix and packaged snacks like pasta, vermicelli, noodles and ready to cook Indian curries are essential. The final ranking was as follows: Confectionary (preferred across the group) Instant open and eat (preferred by young population) Instant mix to cook like dosa powder, gulab jamun mix (preferred by female users) Frozen food like peas, sweet corn (used for quick preparation of food by married women) Question: Are you brand loyal or would you be ready to switch to a different brand? Discussion: The group was split between brand-loyal and non brand-loyal customers. Brand loyal customers specified major brands like MTR, Kelloggs, ITC when they went for buying RTE foods. And the non brand- loyal customers switched among products whichever they found the best in taste or always looked for a change or went for trials of new products. However, even the brand loyal customers showed inclination to change brand if variety and better taste is available in novelty products. Question: Are you too particular about the cuisine in RTE foods? Discussion: The group consensually came to a conclusion that it preferred different cuisines depending on the time of the day. 1. Chinese- cup noodles, noodles, soups (evening snacks) 2. Mexican- cornmeal (in the morning hours) 3. Italian- Pasta, Bread 4. Indian- gravy, ready mix (main course) Question: Where do you usually shop for Ready to eat foods? Discussion: People had different options for shopping since RTE foods are easily available in the market. They mentioned the following options available whichever was closer to their residence Retail outlet Shopping malls Kirana stores Confectionary stores Question: What influences your decision on choice of food you purchase? Discussion: The group members were influenced by several factors while making a decision to buy a particular product from the various options available in the market of RTE foods. A list of influential factors which they specified is as follows: Advertisements Prior usage experience Friends/ neighbors Retailer on the shop Question: Do you consider price as a major criterion to choose among the products available? Discussion: Most of the group members said that price was not as important a criterion as taste and quality. Moreover the price range of these kinds of products was within range of Rs 50-100, it didnt play a very big role in buying decision process. Inference From the following inferences of the focus group discussion, we designed our questionnaire People do take cuisine into consideration while purchasing packaged food. Taste was the most important criterion followed by ease in making and time consumed. Time was a major factor too as the target segment was young and working population and for them time is always scarce and critical. Word of mouth also played an important role in considering new products for consumption. Value for money in terms of quality and variety was considered to a certain extent before buying a packaged food product. QUESTIONNAIRE Questionnaire instructions Please answer all the questions Unless specified, please select only one option as a response for each question Questionnaire design Q1. Do you buy ready-to-eat (Packaged) food? 1 = Yes 2 = No Q2. In a typical week, how often do you buy packaged food? 1 = Less than once 2 = 1 to 3 times 3 = 4 to 6 times 4 = More than 6 times Q3. Why do you buy packaged food? (More than one option can be chosen) 1 = Convenience 2 = Taste 3 = Nutrition 4 = Quality 5=Price 6 = any other reason, please specify _______________ Q4. Please indicate your food preference. 1 = Vegetarian 2 = Non-vegetarian 3 = Both Q5. What cuisine do you prefer? (More than one option can be chosen) 1= Indian 2 = Chinese 3 = Italian 4 = Mexican 5 = Others, please specify _______________ Q6. Generally during which phase of week do you consume packaged food? 1=Monday to Friday 2=Saturday to Sunday = All days Q7. From where do you buy processed food? (More than one option can be chosen) 1=Retail outlet 2=Shopping malls 3=Kirana stores 4=Confectionary stores, 5=Others, please specify _______________ Q8. What influences your (as an individual) decision on choice of food products you purchase? (More than one option can be chosen) 1 = Children 2 = Advertisements 3 = Spouse 4 = Friends 5 = Retailer on the shop 6 = Others Q9. What is your age group? 1 = 15 to 25 years 2 = 25 to 35 years 3 = 35 to 45 years 4 = Above 45 years Q10. What is your occupation? 1 = Student 2 = Public Service 3 = Private Service 4 = Self-employed 5 = Homemaker 6 = Other, please specify _______________ Q11. Do you live with your family? 1 = Yes 2 = No Q12. What is your monthly income (in Rs.)? 1 = Below 15000 2 = 15000-25000 3 = 25000-35000 4 = Above 35000 5 = cannot disclose Q13. Usually, where do you consume packaged food? 1 = Home 2 = Workplace 3 = Both 4 = Other Q14. On a scale of 5, how satisfied are you with the packaged food, where 1 is least satisfied and 5 is highly satisfied? 1 2 3 4 5 Q15. On a scale of 5, how likely are you to recommend packaged food to others, where 1 is least likely and 5 is highly likely? 1 2 3 4 5 DEPTH INTERVIEW OF RETAILERS We plan to have depth interviews with 1-2 retails and ask them following questions: Which category of food sells more? Which type of packaged food is preferred? Do you have refrigeration facilities? For how many years you have been in the retail business? How many customers visit your shop every day? Which is the peak hour of your business? What age group of customers visits your shop? Which type of customers prefers packaged food? Has the sales of packaged food changed over the last three years?

The Juvenile Boot Camps For Offenders Criminology Essay

The Juvenile Boot Camps For Offenders Criminology Essay The United States used to be a nation focused on rehabilitating juveniles that deviated from the social norms (Ardovini-Brooker Walker, 2000). This attitude was dramatically altered in the 1960s when public opinion of the medical model deteriorated and the punishment model started to gain support (Ardovini-Brooker Walker, 2000). This shift in ideals has resulted in an increased popularity of boot camp programs (Gover, MacKenzie, Armstrong, 2000). There has been a great deal of debate as to whether boot camps are more or less successful than traditional detainment facilities at reducing recidivism rates among juveniles (DeMuro, 2008). Despite the lack of empirical evidence that juvenile boot camps are more successful, they continue to gain popularity within the juvenile justice system (DeMuro, 2008). Boot camps are less cost effective, and no more successful at reducing recidivism rates among juveniles, than traditional treatment facilities. The first boot camps used as alternative punishments in the United States were created in Georgia and Oklahoma in 1983 (Tyler, Darville, Stalnaer, 2001). The first boot camp program oriented toward juveniles was created in Orleans Parish, Louisiana in 1985 (Tyler et al., 2001). Between 1985 and 1995, the number of juvenile boot camps had risen to more than 75, spanning across 13 states (Ardovini-Brooker Walker, 2000). Furthermore, Ardovini-Brooker Walker (2000) expected that half of all juvenile jurisdictions in the United States would have boot camp programs in place by the year 2000. There were many factors that gave rise to the popularity of juvenile boot camps. Ardovini-Brooker and Walker (2000) state six objectives of juvenile boot camps. The first objective of the boot camps was to alleviate the overcrowding facilities that were already in place (Ardovini-Brooker Walker, 2000). The second objective was to lower the cost of juvenile treatment by placing the juveniles in a program that took less time to complete (Ardovini-Brooker Walker, 2000). The third objective was to increase the perceived accountability of the juvenile justice system because many thought that it was too lenient with juvenile offenders (Ardovini-Brooker Walker, 2000). The fourth objective was to increase the rehabilitation of the juvenile offenders by placing them in a more structured environment (Ardovini-Brooker Walker, 2000). The fifth objective was to reduce juvenile recidivism rates through shock incarceration (Ardovini-Brooker Walker, 2000). The sixth and final objective of juven ile boot camp programs was to give back to the community by requiring the juveniles in the program to perform duties such as liter pick-up (Ardovini-Brooker Walker, 2000). Both adult and juvenile boot camps were designed for first time or less violent offenders and are considered to be as a type of shock incarceration (DeMuro, 2008). Experts believe that the radical change in behavior that offenders will experience in a boot camp should be enough to scare or à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"shockà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  them straight (Ardovini-Brooker Walker, 2000). Boot camps achieve this radical change by incorporating basic elements of military philosophy (Gover et al., 2000). Juvenile boot camps are supposed to provide intense physical activity and a healthy atmosphere that result in a favorable background for therapy and education (Styve, MacKenzie, Gover, Mitchell, 2000). These boot camps can vary in length of time but are generally between 90 and 120 days (Ardovini-Brooker Walker, 2000). The programs incorporate elements of military boot camps such as uniforms, marching, calisthenics, and running various types of drills (Styve et al., 2000). These elements are supposed to combine to make the boot camp a life changing event for the juvenile offender (Tyler et al., 2001). There are many experts who are opposed to using juvenile boot camp programs as a means of punishment or rehabilitation. These experts point to the fact that there is no empirical evidence that boot camp programs actually reduce recidivism rates and that boot camp programs are not cost effective (DeMuro, 2008; Tyler et al., 2001). Styve et al (2000) stated that boot camps may not provide the necessary care and attention to individuals that is required for rehabilitation to take place. These same experts believe that the system would be better off using the traditional facilities and supervised probation programs already in place (Tyler et al., 2001). The first problem with juvenile boot camp programs that many experts cite is that there is still relatively little empirical data to support the claim that they reduce recidivism rates (Ardovini-Brooker Walker, 2000). The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention [OJJDP] stated that the use of juvenile boot camps has had no effect on the rates of juvenile recidivism (Tyler et al., 2001). Experts in the juvenile justice field believe that this may be a result of the lack of uniformity among the many boot camp programs (Ardovini-Brooker Walker, 2000). Some examples of this lack of uniformity would include: the duration of the boot camp (90-120 days), which of the six objectives the camp is focused on, the type of offender that is sentenced to the boot camp, and whether or not there is an intensive after care program that is used in conjunction with the boot camp itself (Ardovini-Brooker Walker, 2000; Tyler et al., 2001). A second criticism of juvenile boot camp programs is that they are not cost effective. According to OJJDP, juvenile boot camps cost nearly 10 times more than juvenile probation programs per offender (Tyler et al., 2001). In Texas in 1998, the cost per day of a juvenile in a boot camp was $88.62 (Tyler et al., 2001). At the same time, the cost for a juvenile in a traditional treatment facility was $85.90 per day, and the cost of probation per day was $8.44 (Tyler et al., 2001). Taking into account that juvenile boot camps help fewer offenders at a time, Tyler et al (2001) calculated the average cost of a boot camp program per juvenile per year to be $33,480. Further, they calculated the average cost of a traditional detainment facility to be $31,354 per juvenile per year. This, they stated, demonstrates that juvenile boot camps are not a cost effective alternative to using traditional facilities or probation. A third criticism of juvenile boot camps is that not all juveniles are suited mentally enough to handle the environment of a military style boot camp (Gover et al., 2000). There are many juveniles that cannot adjust to the sudden change in culture that is associated with boot camps (Gover et al., 2000). Gover et al (2000) claim that the harsh conditions at boot camps do not provide a stable environment that is healthy for therapy, which is a contradiction of one of the goals of juvenile boot camps. When selecting juveniles for boot camp programs, it is important to choose older youths who are less prone to experience anxiety, as those who are younger or are more prone to experience anxiety are less likely to be responsive to any treatment they may receive in a boot camp (Gover et al., 2000). Over the past few decades, juvenile boot camps have increased in popularity (Ardovini-Brooker, Walker, 2000). This trend has continued despite any lack of evidence that supports the idea that juvenile boot camps reduce recidivism rates (Ardovini-Brooker, Walker, 2000). It has also been shown that boot camp programs are not a cost effective alternative to traditional treatment, particularly when compared to supervised probation (Tyler et al., 2001). These facts have led many experts to believe that juvenile boot camp programs, as a whole, are not a successful alternative to traditional treatment facilities.

Censorship In School Libraries :: essays research papers

Censorship in School Libraries The most debatable and controversial form of censorship today is the banning of books in school libraries. Banning books that educate students is wrong and selfish. Censorship of books in school libraries is neither uncommon nor an issue of the past. Books with artistic and cultural worth are still challenged constantly by those who want to control what others read. The roots of bigotry and illiteracy that fuel efforts to censor books and free expression are unacceptable and unconditional. Censoring school books in libraries can often lead to censorship of our basic freedoms guaranteed in the First Amendment. In some cases, a minority ends up dictating the majority in censorship cases. To be told what is permissible reading material and what is not is a direct violation of the First Amendment of the Constitution. The First Amendment of the Constitution is the most important and debatable of them all. The First Amendment states; â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, of prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.† Freedom of expression is an inalienable human right and the foundation for self-government. Freedom of expression defines the freedoms of speech, press, religion, assembly, association, and the corollary right to receive information. Human rights and intellectual independence; the two are inseparably linked. Freedom of opinion and determining what you want to read is not derived from or dependent on any form of government or political power. This right is inherent in every individual. The power of freedom cannot be yielded, nor can it be denied. True justice comes from the exercise of rights. Students enjoy going to the library and being able to read what they want to read, without any indecision. As soon as a censor claims a book should be censored, the student’s hope of reading that book is diminished. Censorship, ignorance, and limitations on the free flow of information are the tools of dictatorship and oppression. The "tyrant" simply chooses to pull that book from the shelves of knowledge, and the students right of the First Amendment is violated (Appendix A). Books like The Chocolate War, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, and Of Mice and Men have been placed on the controversial bookshelf of many school libraries.

Relationships Between Mothers and Daughters in Tans The Joy Luck Club

Relationships Between Mothers and Daughters in Tan's The Joy Luck Club â€Å"Now the woman was old.   And she had a daughter who grew up speaking only English and swallowing more Coca-Cola than sorrow.   For a long time now the woman had wanted to give her daughter the single swan feather and tell her, â€Å"This feather may look worthless, but it comes from afar and carries with it all my good intentions.†Ã‚   And she waited, year after year, for the day she could tell her daughter this in perfect American English (Tan 3).† The American culture focuses more on the individual.   Typical Americans always want to be independent.   Traditionally, they never appreciate anything that they have, are selfish, and ignorant to other cultures.   On the other hand, the Chinese culture has many strong beliefs concerning the family.   Chinese women value their parents, especially their mothers.   It is expected that their daughters also do the same.   â€Å"Women from Asia value family.   Family is all important.   Husband, children, parents, relatives come first.   Husband and children never take second place to her career (China Bride).†Ã‚   The Joy Luck Club emphasizes family values by explaining how each mother, Suyuan Woo, An-Mei Hsu, Lindo Jong, and Ying-ying St. Clair, came to America so that their daughters could have better lives and everything that they didn’t have.   Because the daughters in The Joy Luck Club were born in America, they wanted to be more Americanized than t o recognize their true Chinese culture.   In particular, Waverly Jong was less successful than her mother, Lindo, in finding her true identity.   Lindo honors family and self.   Waverly has a hard time finding her true identity.   She builds a wall between her and her mother and tries to be he... ... when she â€Å"let’s her mother in†.   Waverly lets her mother in when they are at the salon.   Lindo tells her daughter about her childhood and how she ended up in America.   She tells Waverly that she named her after the street they lived on so that when she grew up and left, that she would take a piece of her with her.   Waverly finally understands her mother.   â€Å"Her mother has been waiting for Waverly to let her in, to accept her Chinese heritage so that she can accept Waverly’s Chinese-American future (49).† Works Cited Carey, Gary.   Cliff notes on Amy Tan’s   The Joy Luck Club. Lincoln, Nebraska. Cliff Notes. 1994. The China Bride. 23 March 2000. http://www.chinabride.com/gen/whyasia.html Chinese –American Women in The United States. Liu, Spring. 1997. http://www.ics.uci.edu/~tdo/ea/chineseWomen.html Tan, Amy.   The Joy Luck Club. New York. Ivy Books.1989.

John Proctor Essay

Everybody has come across someone who at first seemed like a nice, genuine person, but as secrets from the past come out, opinions change about that person. In the play written by Arthur Miller, The Crucible, John Proctor is a well respected farmer. John is hiding his secrets from his past to protect his reputation throughout the town. John Proctor’s main traits are that he is brave, extreme and dignified. Bravery is a trait that suits John Proctor well. When Proctor tried to convince everyone that the girls were lying, this was an instance of bravery because children were thought of as the vice of god and they were free of sin. Proctor also fought the court trying to keep them from convicting his spouse even though nobody else would dare to do. John says in court, â€Å"I’ll tell you what’s walking Salem, vengeance is walking Salem. We are what we always were in Salem, but now the little crazy children and jangling the keys of the kingdom, and common vengeance writes the law! This warrants vengeance! I’ll not give my wife to vengeance!† Another quality that made him brave was when he confessed to the court that he had an affair with Abigail just to save his life. John says, â€Å"I have known her sir, I have known her.† John Proctor being brave is obvious but he can also be very extreme at some times. An instance of Proctor’s extremity was when he shouted, â€Å"I say – I say – God is dead!† and that he will see all of them burn in hell. That statement implied to the court that Proctor worshipped the Devil and committed perjury. When Proctor tore the warrant issued for the arrest of Elizabeth, it showed his ability to defy the court and in a way his religion because the court was controlled by religion. Keeping Mary Warren from court was extreme because he was keeping her from doing her duty and from feeling important for the first time. Even if one is brave or extreme, this doesn’t mean that they cannot be dignified too. Proctor acted dignified when he tries to please his wife in every way after he admitted to having an affair with Abigail. He did this by doing what she said and not complaining and acting nice and calm. He also exhibits dignity when he signs the confession and then later tears it up. This showed that he cared more about his belief and his name than he did about his life. By not buckling under pressure, Proctor was able to refuse to give into Danforth’s and Abigail’s power of persuasion, which showed a great deal of dignity. John Proctor is a character who seemed like a nice, honest man. But, as his secrets were revealed, we noticed he was a man with a past that he could not erase. John was hung for his crime, rather than destroying his name by the towns people knowing him for his crime.

Famous Quotes for Teachers Essay

I often wonder about teachers who educated famous people such as Einstein, Abraham Lincoln, and the like. Were these teachers specially qualified to inspire their students to achieve fame and success? Or were these teachers Just plain lucky to have exceptionally talented students? Do some teachers have the rare quality of turning dust into gold? The answer may not be easy to find. Andy Rooney Most of us end up with no more than five or six people who remember us. Teachers have thousands of people who remember them for the rest of their lives. Haim G. Ginott Teachers are expected to reach unattainable goals with inadequate tools. The miracle is that at times they accomplish this impossible task. Anonymous Leading a child to learning’s treasures, gives a teacher untold pleasures Teachers don’t impact for a year, but for a lifetime. Chinese proverb Teachers open the door. You enter by yourself. Bill Muse I think a secure profession for young people is history teacher, because in the future, there will be so much more of it to teach. Howard Lester I have been maturing as a teacher. New experiences bring new sensitivities and flexibility†¦ Hippocrates I swear†¦ to hold my teacher in this art equal to my own parents; to make him partner in my livelihood; when he is in need of money to share mine with him; to consider his family as my own brothers and to teach them this art, if they want to learn it, without fee or indenture. Edward Blishen Life is amazing: and the teacher had better prepare himself to be a medium for that amazement.

Global Marketing Chapter 1 Notes

Chapter 1 Global marketing refers to marketing activities that take place across national borders and outside of the firm’s home country Involvement in global marketing does not mean that a firm must sell its products in every country or region of the world Coordination and integration of marketing strategy with an emphasis on standardization are central tenet of GM Evolution of the conceptDomestic marketing – International sales are incidental to marketing strategy Multidomestic marketing – unique strategy for each country market Global marketing – Focus now on standardization and global segments Local marketing – Standardization but with a focus on the needs of local customers â€Å"Glocal Marketing† reflects the need for balance between global marketing, with a focus on standardization, and local marketing, with its focus on adaptation to country differences GlobalizationGlobalization refers to the increased integration of the worldâ€℠¢s economies. Ongoing global technological innovation in marketing has direct effect on the efficiency and effectiveness of all business activities. Globalization reflects a business orientation based on the belief that the world is becoming more homogeneous and that distinctions between national markets are not only fading but, for some products, will eventually disappear. Forms of globalization: Globalization of markets vs. Globalization of production Drivers of Globalization Market factors – convergence of markets, diffusion of telecommunication & internet. Growing # of retailers are now showing great flexibility in their strategies for entering new geographic markets * Cost factors – avoiding cost inefficiencies and duplication of effort are two of the most powerful globalization drivers. Economies of scale refers to the reduction in per unit cost of production. Economies of scope refers to reduced cost per unit as the firm spreads its total costs over a large numb er of brands, product lines, or target markets. Environmental factors – government barriers have fallen dramatically in the last several years and this has further facilitated the globalization of markets and the activities of marketers within them. Rapid technological evolution is contributing to the process. * Competitive factors – to remain competitive, the marketer may have to be the first to do something or to be able to match or pre-empt competitor’s moves. Without a global network, a marketer may run the risk of seeing carefully researched ideas picked off by global players.Market presence may be necessary to execute global strategies and to prevent others from having undue advantage in unchallenged markets. The anti-globalization movement The globalization trend has drawn its fair share of critics over the years. Anti-globalists have expressed concerns about the impact of the trend on the poor, the environment, and on national sovereignty. Many anti-glob alization protests have turned violent in the past Opportunities and challenges in global marketingThe growth of global business activities offers increased opportunities. International activities can be crucial to a firm’s survival and growth. By transferring knowledge around the globe, an international firm can build and strengthen its competitive position. What is needed is an awareness of global developments, an understanding of their meaning, and a development of capabilities to adjust to change. Willing or unwilling, firms are becoming participants in global business affairs.

Glue out of Cigarette Filter and Acetone Essay

This chapter includes the past related literature / studies and researches, articles and some information gathered to guide in this study or research. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE According to (Marvilde, 1981), Classroom absence is a major factor responsible for falling standard in school education system today. Future of the nation always takes place in schools. School is such an organization, which deals with the betterment of society. According to (Khatri, 2013), School absenteeism has a far-reaching impact on a child’s academic progress and future. Absenteeism creates a dead, tiresome and unpleasant classroom environment that makes students who come to class uncomfortable and the teacher irritable. According to (Segel, 2008), in quality terms, absenteeism is a waste of educational resources, time and human potential. Students who have absenteeism problem generally suffer academically and socially. According to Lotz & Lee (1997), indicated that sustained absences might affect retention as it may degenerate into truancy. The study also revealed that the act of delinquency is more frequent among students who exhibit low grade, have spotty attendance an d later on drop out of school. Many factors can contribute to student absenteeism. Family health or financial concerns, poor school climate, drug and alcohol use, transportation problems, and differing community attitudes towards education are among the conditions that are often associated with a child’s frequent absence from school. According to (Marburger, 2001), It disturbs the dynamic teaching learning environment and adversely affects the overall well being of classes. Absenteeism is the one angle of viewpoint is one of the common causes of degrading performance of the student. According to (Australia, 2004), identified four major dimensions of absenteeism truancy, school refusal, school withdrawal and early leaving. It is important to identify the different dimensions of absenteeism in tackling the problem because they require different interventions. Truancy as the persistent, habitual and unexplained absence from school of a child of compulsory school age, although it can occur with parental knowledge and sometimes consent. According to Bond (2004), included fractional truancy, this occurs when student arrive late or leave early or spend entire days away from school. School refusal differs from truancy in that children refuse to attend schools even in the face persuasion and punitive measures from parents and school. These students stay at home with the knowledge of their parents and school administrators. According to (Mc Shane, Walter & Ray, 2001), School withdrawal means children are absent from school because their parents keep them away from school on a frequent basis. Their parents do not enroll them at school. Early leaving refers to children fewer than 15 who drop out of school before completing their schooling. According to (Williams, 2001), Attendance is an important factor in school success among children and youth. Studies show that better attendance is related to higher academic achievement for students of all backgrounds, but particularly for children with lower socio-economic status. Acco rding to (Epstein & Sheldon, 2002; Ready, 2010), Beginning in kindergarten, students who attend school regularly score higher on tests than their peers who are frequently absent. Chronic truancy (frequent unexcused absence) is a strong predictor of undesirable outcomes in adolescence, including academic failure, dropping out of school, substance abuse, gang involvement, and criminal activity. According to Savers, D. Et al (2005), when the student misses a day of school. Students have lost the chance to hear other’s interpreted and analyze the lessons or joins the introductions within the class. According to Nakpodia and Dafiaghor (2011), â€Å"lateness† can be defined as the â€Å"situation where an individual arrives after the proper, scheduled or usual time. Nakpodia and Dafiaghor attribute lateness or tardiness to a lot of factors or causes. Going late to bed and waking up late next morning is the most common. The authors’ added film watching late at night as a cause for tardiness. The student may forget that he/she needs to be in school the next day. Nakpodia and Dafiaghor as a possible cause for tardiness also consider the distance between the student’s home and school or solely the school’s location. Not just because it takes more time to get to school, but according to the authors, the student is susceptible to more distractions and hindrances along the way. Parent’s untimely tasks and commands are also reasons that students come late to school. Habitual tardiness can also be  learned from other members of the family, especially from the older ones. Lack of a firm and consistent policy on punctuality also encourages students to come late at school since there are no consequences attached to lateness or tardiness. These causes of tardiness will lead to serious effects. Nakpodia and Dafiaghor emphasized that lateness or tardiness is not just the problem of the late student but it affects the surrounding people. A student coming late in class distracts the rest of the students and disrupts the flow of the teacher’s discussion. It is even a burden to the student/s whom the late students ask for what to catch up with. The rest of the effects given by Nakpodia and Dafiaghor are about the welfare of the whole school, its productivity and revenue. Knowing the possible effects of lateness or tardiness, it is necessary for solutions to be executed. Studies have revealed that those students with â€Å"perfect or near-perfect attendance† have good grades compared to those students who miss classes often and latecomers. Nakpodi a and Dafiaghor stated that school administrators must lead by example. They should be punctual in their own meetings and classes to avoid students to think that being late is just all right since even the authoritative persons are doing it. They should as well teach it and integrate it in every lesson. The effort on the remedy on lateness or tardiness does not start and end with the school. It must begin with the parents of the students and the government must take part as well. Transportation must be improved in order to avoid students getting stuck in traffic or encountering other obstacles down the streets. According to Lauby (2009), puts it as a term used to describe â€Å"people not showing up on time†. According to Breeze et al. (2010), contributed by saying that, lateness is synonymous with â€Å"tardiness†, which implies being slow to act or slow to respond, thus not meeting up with proper or usual timing. According to Weade (2004), defined tardiness as â€Å"being late for any measurable length of time past the stated or scheduled start time for work or school.† In most schools, a student is considered tardy when he/she is not present when the school bells rings or when the first teacher starts to give instructional materials for the first subject in t he morning class. A study conducted by Barbara Lee Weade on 2004 tried to â€Å"determine if school tardiness is a predictor of work tardiness†. It provided a lot of literature that observes correlations and factors affecting a student’s tardiness. As cited by  Weade, the 3rd most common cause for the failure of a student is â€Å"excessive tardiness and unexcused absences†. Weade gathered data from the schools of participating students. First and foremost, she asked consent from the students and their parents in order to gain permission to collect their school records. She collected and studied the attendance and punctuality records of these students based on the number of unexcused absences and minutes of tardiness. Her study showed that among high school students, the grade point average is correlated with absences and tardiness. This means that students with better attendance and punctuality have higher grade point averages and vis-à  -vis. Her study was also able to show that attendance and punctuality of students are not consistent throughout the year. There were more absences and tardiness at the latter part of the year. Gender has also shown to be a non-factor in the attendance and punctuality of high school s tudents. The study was very comprehensive in its subject matter. It tackles not just school tardiness but also its implications on work tardiness. It shows that â€Å"students who are on-time for school classes are also likely to be on-time at work while students who are tardy frequently at school will probably also be tardy at work†. The study requires a lot of data but Weade was able to gather a sufficient amount. Though some possible correlations were not established, it is outside the scope of this research. According to (Sprick and Daniels, 2007), It creates problems, not just to the students but also to the teachers. It stated that the range of the teachers’ response was â€Å"from ignoring them to sending them to office†. This variation could lead the students to confusion as to how important it is to be on time in going to class. Another reason is the lack of motivation. Students who come to school on time are not given incentives or rewards. Also, responses to tardiness are lenient, that is nothing is done until the tenth strike or more. Another reason is â€Å"giving the student the impression that they won’t be missing anything if they are late† since in some classes, no important activities or instructions and no lessons are being done for first few minutes. Lastly, crowded hallways could create traffic, thus blocking the way of other students and making it hard for them to pass through. According to (Cowan Avenue Elementary School Community, 2007), Cowan Crier, the official School Publication of CAESC, also states that while having â€Å"occasional tardy† isn’t a big deal, unfailing tardiness  is and it gives students problems including being ill prepared for the job market. According to the results of the study of the U.S. Department of Education on â€Å"truancy†, which is related to tardiness, being present and on time in going to school are big factors on the â€Å"success and behavior† of the students. CAESC has their policy worked this way. Other schools initiated interdisciplinary curriculum that integrates discipline and conduct in academics. According to CAESC (2007) and Zeiger (2010), the most essential learning time of the day for the students lies in the morning, specifically between 8:00 to 9:30 AM. It is because the students are most mindful and observant at this time of the day. It is also the reason why the most important lessons and subject matters are discussed during this time. So when students are late or are not present during this time of the day, they, in effect, miss out most of the important lessons to be noted and learned. Thus, it is a lot important to value time and practice being on time while being a student. According to Zeiger (2010), the results from the survey report conducted by teachers show that students with high tardiness rates have â€Å"higher rates of suspension and other disciplinary measures†. Zeiger stated â€Å"Students who are frequently tardy to school are also more apt to be fired from a job for showing up late†. According to Santillano (2010) stated that psychological theorists considered some â€Å"personality traits, including low self-esteem and anxiety† as triggering factors of tardiness. She also mentioned that while some theorists considered tardiness as an â€Å"inborn quality† since our being early or late is â€Å"partially biologically determined†, which she also agreed, other experts also believed that some people are â€Å"chronically tardy† for the reason that they consciously and unconsciously get good things from it. In the book cited by Santillano, â€Å"Never be late again: 7 cures for the punctually challenged†, the author Diana DeLonzor suggested that some personality traits could most likely lead to a person being often late. Some of the traits included were â€Å"struggling with self control†, â€Å"feeling nervous or uncomfortable with social situations† and â€Å"getting distracted easily†. Santillano also discuss ed about the study conducted by DeLonzor at San  Francisco State University in 1997 in which she surveyed 225 respondents about their habits that makes them late from their appointments. It was also a test on the personalities of the respondents that affect their habits. According to the results of DeLonzor’s study, those respondents that were often tardy apt to be anxious and gets distracted easily. According to Oghuvbu (2008), female students are more likely to be late than male students because of â€Å"their involvement in domestic activities by their parents†. Also, as cited by Oghuvbu, â€Å"distance to school, school discipline, family background and school location†. Another study was the one conducted by Enamiroro Oghuvbu in Nigeria. The objective of the study was to determine the causes of the absenteeism and lateness among the secondary students in Nigeria and to seek for solutions to the growing problem. The study revealed that the causes of lateness among the secondary students in Nigeria were â€Å"going late to bed because of watching films and home movies, resulting into wake up late in the morning, distance to school and keeping friends who are not students†. These results went consistent with the results of Oghuvbu’s reference studies which proves that tardiness among students have been a growing problem and that it is caused, not jus t because of the students but also because of the lack of imposing discipline from the parents. According to (Emore, 2005), are some of the common causes for the tardiness of the secondary students? According to Pimentel and Quijada (2011), focused on the frequency of use by the UP Cebu freshmen students of Facebook and a part of the study tackled about the effect of the famous social networking site to UP Cebu students’ punctuality and academic performance. For their study, Pimentel and Quijada collected 60 respondents and provided them with questionnaires. The questionnaires contained questions that ask the respondents about their use of Facebook and its effects. A certain question asked the respondents if late-night use of Facebook has an effect on their punctuality. According to the results of the study, three out of 60 respondents are always late, eight said they are sometimes late, 12 said they are seldom late and 37 said that they never get late due to late-night use of Facebook. Generally, the results showed that the respondents are seldom late in class because o f late-night use of the social networking site. Ledoux, as cited by Pimentel and Quijada, said that lack of sleep causes neural malfunctions and further affects a person’s  behavior. In the study’s case, it is a student’s punctuality that is affected. According to (Britt, 1988), situations such as â€Å"crowded halls, limited opportunities for social interaction, irrelevant course content, and teacher indifference†. According to (Damico et al., 1990) are also factors that affect a student’s attendance and punctuality. As mentioned by Weade, personal values, financial security and lack of parental guidance. Some schools have already started finding solutions that would effectively minimize and/or eliminate tardiness among students. One of the solutions made by some schools is implementing tardiness policies, wherein they take steps in approaching the students and parents for them to solve the problem. According to Cordogan (as cited by Weade, 2004), said that a school in Chicago, Illinois adapted a similar curriculum and yielded positive results. Students under the interdisciplinary program exhibited more positive behaviors from students not from the curriculum. Interdisciplinary students showed less absences and tardiness, as well as higher grades. Other schools made smaller academic changes such as developing personality works and cooperative learning activities, such as creation of portfolios and tutorial to younger students. These taught the students better goal setting, decision-making skills and time management. In return, students under these behavior modification programs yielded less tardiness and higher grades.