Aboriginal Cooking Methods Essay Example for Free

Aboriginal Cooking Methods Essay The traditional ways to cook for aboriginals used to involve roasting their food on hot coals, baking in the ashes steaming in ground ovens. But today theses things have changed the aboriginals have easier ways to cook using technology from today. They have adapted to make the process easier by boiling barbequing. Roasting; When cooking meat, this was the basic technique, which was almost always used. They cooked most meat, fish small turtles. To make sure the meat was cooked through, it was also covered by ashes coals, which also made tough meat softer. The meat would be eaten quickly after roasting. Shellfish were also cooked on the coals on the outside of the fire, this way when they started to froth, they could be removed quickly. Baking Bread damper was cooked in the ashes. When aboriginals made fires, they made sure they used the right kind of firewood, so that after the fire was out, the ashes could be used for cooking their bread. They were very careful as to which wood they used because some woods made to bread taste bad some caused irritation discomfort. Over time, it was the wattle seed that was found to be the most successful for cooking. It gave no bad taste, gave no one irritations produced a fine ash. Witchetty grubs only needed to be quickly rolled over the ashes to be cooked. Then damper was put beneath the ashes then covered. To cook yam, or vegetables, they would dig a small hole, place the vegetable in it, and then cover it with ash. Steaming; In the Wiradjuri areas, steam ovens still exist. The ovens were made by digging a hole in the ground, they were about 90cm long, 60cm deep. The clay left over from digging was then made into smooth lumps then would be placed on top, once the hole was filled with selected firewood. While the wood burned, the clay became hot. The clay would then be removed with tongs. The pit would be swept out then lined with still green leaves grass. Then meat such as possums (because they were small enough) would be lain inside, covered with more leaves then the clay would be placed on top. To stop the steam escaping, the ground that was originally taken out when the hole was dug covers the clay. Wrapping; Wrapping is still used in places like Arnhem Land. Vegetables are wrapped in the moist paper bark from Melaleuca trees then placed in ground ovens. Today Aboriginals use more advanced methods of cooking. They have adapted their old ways to make them easier. Boiling; Aboriginals have now learned to boil foods in galvanized cans, tins, steel drums or whatever items are available. Because of this, ground ovens are being used less less. Barbequing; Although the Aboriginals dont have top of the range barbeques, they have got their own version. It is simply a piece of wire to hole pieces of meat or dough over red coals. Aboriginal Dreaming Although the Dreamtime was in the past, it is the Aborigines religion culture that rules them today. The saying, As it was done in the Dreamtime, so it must be done today, dominates all aspects of the Aboriginals lifestyle actions. According to some Aboriginals, the Rainbow Serpent made the world. It is their belief that that is true. Religion is some peoples way, spiritualism is theirs. The Rainbow Serpent came from the Northern Territory while Australia was still in its dreaming stage. It traveled over the country, creating the mountainous locations by pushing the land into many ranges isolated areas. The Great Dividing Range is a creation of the rainbow serpents movements. Throughout its journey over under the land, it created rivers, valleys, lakes. It was also careful to leave many areas flat. Once it was satisfied with its creation of Australia, spirit people came from inside it moved all over the country to form many different lifestyles, languages different stories. When the land was finally finished, it was ready for people, but there were none .Walya-Nam-Adiki was the woman who walked out of the sea met up with a tribal man. Seen as there were no people, they talked about the problem with having such a wonderful land, but no people to live there. To fix this problem, they had many spirit children together. Walya-Nam-Adiki told all her children to go to all different places across the country to speak new languages, make keep land water management. They were to stay in their chosen areas, to make social kinship systems which would make sure that there would always be people within their tribal boundaries. Other Aboriginals believe that when the world first existed, that giant semi-mortal beings that resembled plants animals rose up from the flat land where they had been sleeping for countless ages. These beings wandered the land aimlessly. As they roamed around, they  performed the tasks that Aboriginals do today. These included camping, making fires, digging for water, fighting each other performing ceremonies. When they became tired of carrying out these rituals, the dreamtime ended. Wherever the creators had been, a natural landform now marks the place. The creators made everything which Aboriginals are in contact with everyday from which they gain their living. Apart from forming the land, they also created the laws that govern the aspects of everyday life, which some Aborigines still live by. Aboriginals in Jail Custody The idea of over-representation of Aboriginal adults in prison is set down early for the younger generation to understand. In Juvenile Detention centers, aboriginals aged 10-17 were 24.2* times more likely to be in custody than non-aboriginal children. For aboriginals aged 18-21 the over-representation rate was 9.6* Indigenous rates of imprisonment in adult prisons varied between about 4* times the non-indigenous rate in Tasmania up to over 20* times in Western South Australia. At almost any time, up to 80% of inmates in Northern Territory Correctional Facilities are of aboriginal descent. Whatever the intent, mandatory sentencing has more effect on aboriginals than any other ethnic group in the NT. Also Police custody rates for Aboriginal Torres Strait Islanders was 26.2* times more likely than people of other races. Aboriginals are 25% of people that are arrested 15% of people who are in jails are also Aboriginal. From data collected, aboriginals are over-represented in offences involving violence, breaking entering, breaches of justice procedures driving offences. Aboriginal people are 12 times more likely than others to be in prison for  homicide and 16 times for breaking and entering. One principle factor is that of the low status of the indigenous side of Australia in socio-economy culture. In 1988, Commissioner Muirhead stated that humanity and our countrys reputation demand a vigorous approach and new initiatives. Years later, Aboriginals still continue to die in police cells prisons. On 10th February, 2000 a 15 yr old boy committed suicide in the Don Dale Correctional Facility in Darwin. He had a mandatory 28jail sentence for petty theft of pens, pencils paint. He was due for his release 4 days after his death. The Northern Territory Chief Minister simply swept aside the death gave a statement There will always be deaths in custody. The death of the boy the Country Liberal Party refused to even consider the re-appeal of the mandatory sentencing laws sent a break of outrage through many leading Australian, International Aboriginal groups. Two weeks previous to the death, a Federal Senate traveled to Darwin, to make a report on the laws. None of the Country Liberal Partys officials was prepared to give evidence at the hearing. The United Nations blasted Australia over these laws, the treatment of the indigenous people to this land. Also saying that Canberra could be in breach of the UN Convention to Eliminate Racial Discrimination. *Based on records in 1998

A Market Entry Proposal Into Japan Marketing Essay

A Market Entry Proposal Into Japan Marketing Essay With more than 16 million members in the United States and Canada, Netflix.com Inc. is the worlds largest online service company for streaming movies and TV-series over the Internet and sending DVDs by mail.    Founded in 1997 by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph in California, Netflix.com operated as an Internet-based unlimited rental subscription service for movies in DVD format. As a simple online DVD rental service, Netflix.com provided same-day shipping with customers receiving their DVDs within two or three days for sale or a rental period of seven days. In February 2010 Netflix.com became the number one ecommerce company for customers satisfaction  [2]  .   Over the past decade, Netflix.com has revolutionized the way of renting movies for people: with few simple clicks, members can stream movies online, watch them via devices on TV or have it the classic way: receive a DVD within one business day and watch it on TV without worrying about due dates and late fees. Company Background The DVD format, introduced into the market in 1997, was able to store a high quality copy of an entire feature film on a single five-inch disc. Even with the risk of not many Americans owning a DVD-Player by that time, Hastings and Randolph could see the potential of the disc replacing the videotape. Taking advantage of the newly introduced DVD and the small size and light weight of the discs, they could ship the DVDs cheaper than VHS-Tapes. After reaching its economics of scale in September 1999, NetFlix introduced the subscription plan for its customers. With a monthly fee of $15.99, customers could rent four DVDs at the same time with the possibility of renting a new one each time they return a title and put themselves on a queue list if a desired DVD was not available. In December 2000, revenue sharing agreements were made with Warner Home Video and Columbia Tri-Star. NetFlix got a better price for large amounts of DVDs in exchange for a percentage of their rental receipts with the movie studios. Soon after, Dreamworks and Artisan signed up as well. After attaining a subscription figure of 500.000 in February 2002, NetFlix went public and sold 5.5 million shares in late May, raising a more than expected amount of $82.5 million fund. In conjunction with its IPO, the company changed the name to Netflix, Inc with a lower case F. As Netflix gained more success and media attention, competition started to form.  [3]   With the constant growing of subscribers, Netflix announced in January 2008 to provide unlimited movie streaming for their more than 7 million members without any additional fee.  [4]  Ã‚  Subscribers could watch unlimited movies or TV Series on their PC. In 2010, Netflix announced partnerships with Funai, Panasonic, Sanyo, Sharp and Toshiba to provide customers to view their streaming content via a device on TV.  [5]   Netflix announced its expansion to Canada on September 22nd 2010, initially offering its streaming service outside the US. Netflix Canadian members can instantly watch movies and popular shows right on their TVs via Nintendos Wii, Sonys PS3 game console, and coming later this fall, Microsofts Xbox 360, as well as models from Sharp, VIZIO, Haier and Best Buys Insignia brand. Plus, they can instantly watch via Apples iPhone or iPad and on PCs and Macs.  [6]   Market Research Targeting Country and Market Conditions The rationale for exporting is to reach new customers and to use economies of scale. Netflix already has some international experience from when they entered the Canadian market. So we think Netflix is ready for the next step; to go overseas. The main reason for targeting the Japanese market is that Japan is the second biggest film entertainment market in the world after the United States of America  [7]  . What this shows is that there are enough potential customers for the streaming and DVD rental service.    The internet speed in Japan is 61 megabits per second, nearly 30 times faster than the broadband speed in the US  [8]  . Therefore the buffering before the customer can watch a movie or program will be short.   This will help satisfy the streaming subscribers expectation to watch the program immediately.    Japan also has a high internet penetration rate of 78%, which is nearly 100 million potential customers for the Netflix on-demand video streaming  [9]  . Paid streaming is not yet well-established in Japan  [10]  . There are a few webpages but they offer streaming for a higher price than Netflix. If the streaming business increases, Netflix has a good chance to be number one in Japan, especially if Netflix is able to bring the good quality service and cheap price to Japan that they offer in the USA.   However, there will be more competition soon; Apple, YouTube and Yahoo announced that they will enter the streaming business, and Netflix should expect more Japanese companies to enter the market as well. The systematic governmental factors can also be valuated as positive. The economy is stable even though Japan is struggling with the deflation of the 1990s. The market segment of video streaming is expected to grow strongly. Japan has a functional legal system and the Japanese law about illegal downloads has changed and was put into effect in January 2010  [11]  . Even though the law is still not very strict, it may be enough to catch those who download and stream illegally, and convert them into legal users as our future customers. The Japanese infrastructure is one of the best in the world. This is positive for the DVD rental service. It would be possible to deliver the DVD quickly like in the USA.   Furthermore, Netflix can expect that the percentage of Japanese households, who have a DVD or Blue Ray player, is higher than in other countries  [12]  . Another reason to invest in Japan is that the new Blue Ray format is growing strongly in Japan.   The market share of Blue Ray recorders exceeded 50 percent for DVD recorders in unit terms  [13]  . So there would be a possibility to benefit from that trend and offer more Blue Ray discs than other established Japanese DVD rental companies. Netflix probably cannot deliver DVDs all over the country, but a strategy could be to start the DVD rental business in just the two centers of Kanto and Kansai. The competition in the DVD market is very high in Japan. There are already some established companies like Posren and Tsatuya discas. These companies offer the same service like Netflix (DVDs by mail). A possibility to enter the market could be to introduce the Netflix service with unlimited DVDs and no due date. Netflix Strategic Options for entering the Japanese market When we considered Netflix entering the Japanese market, we mainly contemplated four options of entry: a greenfield strategy, a joint venture strategy, an acquisition strategy and buying shares of a Japanese company. All those options are called equity modes, i.e. ways of entering a foreign market that involves the use of equity  [14]  . Greenfield Strategy One foreign entry option for Netflix is to establish greenfield operations, i.e. start up the business in Japan from scratch by building storage facilities and offices on its own  [15]  . The greenfield strategy, if successful, gives Netflix a complete control of the business since it is wholly owned by the firm, and with no involvement with other actors, the firm has a good protection of its proprietary technology and know-how  [16]  . It is also a very favorable option if Netflix wishes to coordinate global actions from its U.S. headquarter  [17]  . This is also something that they are familiar since they entered the Canadian market in this way. However the cultural distance between USA and Japan might cause big problems in the Japanese market, especially in the start-up phase. Although appealing, greenfield operations are associated with high development costs, and if Netflix wishes to offer their customers rental DVDs for home delivery it would make them face problems such as locating storage facilities and delivery partners. The high resource commitment would, as in the case of wholly owned subsidiaries, serve as an exit barrier and result in a loss of flexibility  [18]  . This would be a both time-consuming and costly process, which would delay Netflix entry. The industry-based view suggests that a firms performance is a result of the firms actions in response to the industry structure. In this perspective, the intensity of rivalry among competitors (one of Porters five forces) is directly affected by how many competitors there are in the industry. The fewer competitors in an industry, the more unlikely the rivalry explodes into e.g. frequent price wars, since the competitors will be mutually interdependent. If Netflix would have chosen to enter the Japanese market by a greenfield operation, it would obviously increase the rivalry in the industry which would make the business more difficult for the competitors as well as for Netflix itself. This would probably be even more difficult to handle for Netflix than for the other participants due to the heavy investments it already has to manage related to the entry on the market. Furthermore, the central coordination that the greenfield option enables, could be an advantage as well as a disadvantage. Lack of local knowledge in the management or different ideas and priorities might cause fractions between the American part and the foreign located part of the firm.    Entering a foreign market involves many challenges and difficulties to overcome. Netflix needs to have extensive knowledge of the Japanese market dynamics and the consumer behaviour to be able to arrange its business. This knowledge is difficult to acquire without being a part of the market. The greenfield option would probably be a disadvantage to Netflix in terms of market knowledge relative to its competitors. Majority stake in Japanese Company and Joint Ventures If Netflix were to invest in a Japanese company through majority stake, this strategy would enable the Netflix to learn from and take advantage of the firm-specific capabilities that the Japanese firm possesses. The drawback of this strategy is, compared to wholly owned subsidiaries, that Netflix would not have full control of the Japanese subsidiary  [19]  . Overall, the advantages and disadvantages of partially owned subsidiaries like this are the same as for joint ventures. The option of performing a joint venture includes the possibility of sharing risks and profit with a local company. This creates a certain bit of safety against losses if the venture, in this case in Japan, does not prove to be profitable. Furthermore the local company can contribute with knowledge about the market which otherwise might be difficult to get hold of. The downside of joint ventures is that the different cultures and goals of the MNE and local company can cause conflicts and cause difficulties in operational control. These problems in controlling the foreign subsidiary can cause difficulties in global coordination. Acquisition Strategy An acquisition is an example of an equity mode, which results in a wholly owned subsidiary (WOS). This option of entry is a question of purchasing one of the already existing media home entertainment firms. By purchasing an existing firm, Netflix would obviously eliminate one of its competitors in the Japanese market. This consideration alone is appealing since, compared to the greenfield option where a firm is added to the market, Netflix would instead become one of the actors that is already a participant on the market. Establishing a WOS through acquisition could yield the same advantages as the greenfield option (control, protection and coordination abilities), but it also offers a fast entry. By eliminating a competitor, Netflix would not have to deal with costly e.g. marketing activities to introduce themselves to the market and convince potential customers to choose them. Furthermore, if Netflix chooses to acquire a partner that has a similar business model it would make the transition to the Japanese market smoother. An option is also to acquire a competitor that focuses on rental DVDs only and not online, with this they would receive knowledge about the Japanese customer, get access to existing customers, acquire already functioning storage facilities and delivery services and use their knowledge in streaming to start up a similar homepage in Japan. By purchasing a Japanese competitor Netflix might be able to avoid some vital obstacles of entrance, e.g. parts of the liability of foreignness. Since the Japanese firm is already a known Japanese firm which the inhabitants are familiar with, Netflix may not be perceived, by the Japanese customers, as a foreign firm. The acquisition also gives Netflix needed and desired knowledge about the Japanese market and consumer behaviour. Our recommendation Foreign entry decisions should be based on several strategic considerations including Porters five forces. Our analysis of Netflix entry options into the Japanese market is the acquisition of a pure DVD rental company for the DVD rental service and complement this with a Greenfield strategy for the online streaming service. Although this strategy is costly, it has the most favourable impact on the market structure and dynamics. Netflix would get hold of a delivery spots in attractive locations and take advantage of already established relationships, storage facilities and perhaps most important, they would get a knowledge about the Japanese consumer. Since, Netflix already is a late entrant in the DVD rental market, it is important for the firm to carry out a fast and extensive entry in order to show its competitors and market as a whole that it is committed to its venture. Marketing Decisions Falling under the umbrella of E-commerce and operating as a business-to-consumer (B2C) company Netflix had to develop unique marketing strategies in order to become successful in the American market. The core marketing strategy at Netflix in fact, the company strategy overall is to provide a great customer experience. We dont want our customers liking the service; we really want them loving it.  [20]  Being an E-commerce company Netflix uses marketing and advertising methods such as intense online banner ads, television commercials, and ads before the start of movie trailers during the pre-show time in theaters. Netflix executives claim that While our paid channels such as television and direct response vehicles like direct mail, online banners and search engines like Google and yahoo work extremely hard for us, word-of-mouth is our best channel. Its a combination of costing the least and performing the best. You cant over-invest in it.  [21]  Ã‚  Historically consumers i n the Japanese market are known to be very critical and selective. They demand superior quality, premium customer service, and top of the line after sales service even when they purchase second tier products. Netflix can use this to their advantage with their overall business competency and must make their capabilities aware to consumers as they market their service in Japan. The incredible ease and convenience of renting movies online and having them delivered to your home or even being able to stream and watch them online from your computer anywhere is universal in its appeal. Netflix aims to make enjoying movies easy and to put the joy back into watching them. Netflix even applies the strategy of marketing to the emotions of its consumers and can do the same in the Japanese Market. The Netflix logo and trademark incorporates the color red and when the company sends rental movies to consumers home they arrive in red disc sleeves. The color red embodies the red carpet and curtains in a movie theater. Red is a wonderful color to evoke the emotional response around movies and the color red is extremely important in Japanese culture. The color is seen in the Japanese Flag representing the sun and is synonymous with certain ancient deities and symbolism in Japanese Buddhism and Japanese Shintoism.  [22]  Ã‚   The Four Ps   Product, Price, Promotion and Place are extremely important for marketing in terms of Netflix entering the Japanese Market. Netflix already has a unique product and service but there are current competitors who offer similar services in the Market. Netflix could aim at niche markets if they wish to try out the Japanese market before full direct investment. Another strategy would be to team with a current player in the market to build the brand awareness for Netflix. An acquisition would allow Netflix to learn about the market and gain the necessary valuable information for long term growth of the company in a foreign market. Netflix has always been a low price and high quality option for people wishing to rent movies on high frequency levels. Netflix offers the promotion of a free one-month trial for consumers and pricing options start at low as $8 equipped with ability to stream TV shows and movies online and also one DVD at a time sent to your door. It would not be hard or expe nsive for Netflix to establish web servers and domains online in Japan to introduce themselves to Japanese consumers. The rapid growth and technological advancements of the Japanese market will allow Netflix to have advanced and unique distribution channels. Currently in America subscribers of Netflix can also stream and download movies on popular Japanese video game consoles such as the Nintendo Wii and the Sony PlayStation 3. In Japan many people purchase theses devices and if Netflix can successfully enter and navigate the waters of the Japanese market they can easily incorporate the video console channel into their overall distribution channels because of the already well established relationship in the US market.    stream_plus_dvd Promotion In order to make a successful Japanese market entrance, effective advertisement is crucial. We now suggest the strategy with following the steps of objective setting, resource about the market idiosyncrasies, message decision, and media decisions. The familiarity of the brand Netflix in Japan is yet trivial. So we suggest setting the objective in the short and long term, respectively. Considering that foreigners are more aware of the brand than Japanese customers and that Netflix stores outnumbering movie resource which are less accessible in traditional Japanese movie rentals, we set the short term perspective target to be the foreign residents in Japan. According to the 2009 report by Japans National Statistical Office, the number of registered foreigners doubled in 10 years. Taken a closer look, the number of Philippines and Americans, the two English-speaking nationalities, could be our major target.   So a niche strategy could be to enter the movie streaming market, with focus on movies in English with Spanish and Japanese subtitles to get a customer basis and then to expand the Netflix business to Japanese movies and programs. So Netflix could first use the same English webpage like in the United States and Canada, bef ore introducing a Japanese page. An important step would be to sign contracts with Japanese movie studios, in order to get the right to have Japanese movies in the collection.   Since the English-speaking customers are the ones who are familiar with the brand name Netflix, in addition to spending the budget on running the traditional advertisements (television, newspapers and such), we could use the Word of Mouth strategy. The 2009 report and Newsjapan mention additional information that the occupation of the foreigners, specifically the Americans and the British, are mostly businessman registered in the big cities such as Tokyo and Osaka, or related to the United States Forces Japan in Okinawa.  [23]  Ã‚  For the residents in Tokyo and Osaka, we should spread the words by getting cooperation with the Registry and the famous Japanese language center where foreigners mostly go to study Japanese in relatively cheap price, called Volunteer Japanese Class. In Okinawa, we can use the local English newspaper and run the commercial in the US army network. The Japanese market is in the top three in the world. Among the advanced countries, Japan has the least gap in spending habits and house incomes nationally, which means that most of the Japanese consumers can afford recreational services. Japanese customers have tendencies to be exceptionally aware of the name of the brand. More expensive it is, more likely they will favor it.  [24]   Since Netflixs previous advertisement in the US were online banners, we should consider the fact the accessibility to the Internet in Japan recently proved to be 64%, ranking 16th in the world.  [25]  Ã‚  Based on these facts, we should accentuate the partnership Netflix has with Panasonic and Toshiba making the brand even more recognized. As for deciding the media, we should use both the internet banner and the newspaper, including TV commercials. According to the Dae hyung Jong, KOTRA Regional manager in Nagoya, reports that the TV commercial expense has increased 12% compared to last year, when the Internet commercial expense remained steady yet, but expected to rise in the near future.  [26]   Most of the marketing budget should be spent on printing newspaper flyers, since the number of subscribers of newspapers in Japan is high. Among the five top nationwide distributed papers, the best suggestion would be the Sankei newspaper. Although it ranks fifth, the subscribers of Sankei are considered to be the frontiers in the Japanese consumer market. Their income level is considered quite high and the Sankei have the highest circulation rate in Osaka, where most of the foreigners are populated. It will be the best choice for Netflix, being able to aim both targets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion A Netflix move to Japan could prove to be very successful if the company is able to establish its brand image and build its brand awareness in the japan market in a fairly quick time. We have concluded that this can be done if Netflix is able to acquire existing firms in order to use their distributions channels to reach customers and enhance its overall market presence. The effort to focus on various niche markets in Japan will also greatly aid Netflix in this transition.   Superior promotion strategies such as a one-month free trail and one free movie rental with the purchase of a video game aimed at console players in hopes that in the near future they will use our service to stream movies to their video games will support its efforts. Even with its various avenues for marking and advertising such as, promotions, television commercials, and internet adds, Netflix greatest advertising tool will be word of mouth. The word of mouth advertising will be derived from Netflix superior customer service and after sales service. These are a must for obtaing success in a rough Japan market.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   References

The Morphing of Child Pornography Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research

Morphing of Child Porn      Ã‚   At issue before the Circuit Courts has been the constitutionality of the 1996 Child Pornography Prevention Act (CPPA) in which Congress sought to modernize federal law by enhancing its ability to combat child pornography in the cyberspace era(Free Speech). There is a split in the circuit courts regarding this bill, and this essay will address the discrepancy.    This piece of legislation classifies an image that "appears to be" or "conveys the impression" of a minor engaging in sexually explicit acts as "virtual" child pornography. Such images include a photograph of a real child that may be scanned, replicated and manipulated by computer to create a sexually-oriented photo, or a wholly fake child that may be generated solely by computer graphics.    Congress recognized a loophole in the child pornography law, in that technological improvements have made it possible for child pornographers to use computers to "morph" or alter innocent images of actual children to create a composite image showing them in sexually explicit poses. With this in mind Congress intended to (1) ban computer-generated images that are "virtually indistinguishable" from those of real children, (2) to protect the privacy of actual children whose innocuous images are altered to create sexually explicit images and (3) to deprive child abusers of a "criminal tool" frequently used to facilitate the sexual abuse of children.    On December 17, 1999, in Free Speech Coalition v. Reno, the Ninth Circuit struck down the law as a content-based restriction on protected speech not in furtherance of any compelling governmental interest because the prohibited images are not of actual children. According to that C... ...guage of the statute "sufficiently narrowly tailored to promote the compelling government interest in preventing harm to actual children, based on substantiated Congressional findings that virtual pornography was used to seduce actual children into sexual activity, and thus comported with free speech guarantees."    WORKS CITED: Eleventh Circuit Opinions.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.law.emory.edu/11circuit/nov99/ Free Speech Coalition v. Reno, 198 F.3d 1083 (9th Cir. 1999), United States v. Hilton, 167 F.3d 61 (1st Cir. 1999), United States v. Acheson, 195 F.3d 645 (11th Cir. 1999), and United States v. Pearl, 89 F.Supp.2d 1237 (D.Utah 2000). Holder v. Free Speech Coalition, Docket No. 00-795).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.medill.northwestern.edu/docket/features2001.html United States v Hilton  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.law.emory.edu/1circuit/july2001/00-2545.01a.html

Aylmers Sin and Guilt Essay -- Character Analysis, Georginas Birthmar

The sin that Aylmer shows throughout the story is in relation to Georgina’s birthmark, which dramatically and suddenly grabs hold of his character. Aylmer becomes egotistic in the ways of his actions and thoughts, not considering that he himself has a problem but that his wife’s imperfection is the problem. By Aylmer’s immoral and obsessive desire for perfection, he took Georgina’s liberty and self-confidence away, which reveales his sins. First, before the marriage, Aylmer had not been bothered by the birth-mark on Georgiana’s cheek. James Quinn and Ross Baldessarini note that â€Å"[s]oon after marrying, however, Aylmer discovered that he can think of little else but the birth-mark,† and that it disturbed him and took away from her true beauty. In relation, it is implied that this omission in Aylmer â€Å"seems to suggest that insights into human behavior are likely to be subjective, imperfect, unsatisfying† (Quinn and Baldessarini). Subsequently, Aylmer’s sin is presented through a dream in which he is conducting a surgery on Georgina to perfect her beauty. Aylmer’s idea of having a perfect wife â€Å"is characterized by Hawthorne as a mark of ‘original sin’† (Quinn and Baldessarini) or even that mankind’s race is born with imperfection. This is stated by Hawthorne as â€Å"the fatal flaw of humanity, which Nature, in one shape or another, stamps ineffaceably on all her production . . . to imply that they are temporary and finite† (120). Most considerable is with the intention of Aylmer’s dream, clearly â€Å"suggests the intense, violent and remarkably sexual reaction the birth-mark evokes in Aylmer† (Quinn and Baldessarini). Alymer is so wrapped up in his own world that he forgets reality, for he â€Å"senses that escape from the human condition is hubr... ...n Aylmer’s obsession of removing her birthmark, so she encourages him to do what is required so that their lives won’t be torn apart by this birthmark of hers, as to have it removed, even if it is to take her life. Through the actions of Aylmer’s obsession, greed, guilt, sin, his intolerance to imperfection and his ability to not except himself for who he is, he must therefore, reap what he sowed. Giving Georgiana the poison to drink, watching as the mark faded away; Aylmer feels he had successfully rid himself from the imperfection that troubled him so, unknowing the birthmark was actually the key to Georgiana’s heart and her life. As the poison took hold of her life she said to Aylmer â€Å"do not repent that with so high and pure a feeling, you have rejected the best the earth could offer† (Fetterly 172) and then she died, leaving Aylmer alone and empty.

Japan History :: Japanese Culture, Shinto

Shinto Shinto is the aboriginal spirituality followed by the Japanese people. In the 8th century, Shinto practices were for the first time, archived in codified records of history of the Nihon Shoki and Kojiki. Shinto today is a term that is related to community shrines matched with various human ceremonies like historical memorials, marriage, harvest festivals and worship. People who practice Shinto express their varied values with a standard way of communication and activities, implementing similar ancient dress code and rituals. There are two main Buddhism branches in existence and Mahayana is one of them. The term Mahayana means great vehicle. The origin of Mahayana Buddhism is India (Mason & Caiger 98). Out of the two major Buddhism traditions in existence today, Mahayana is the largest. The Mahayana traditions teach that the tradition is a path of quest, for absolute enlightenment for the benefit of all mortal beings. Mahayana is also referred to as Bodhisattvayana (Mason & Caiger 98). The history of Mahayana shows the spread of the tradition from India to other Asian countries. Mahayana Buddhism traditions exist even today. The Heian period is a historical time in Japanese history, happened between the years 794 to 1185. During this period, Buddhism, Taioism and other Chinese traditions were at peak (Morton & Olenik 23). The Heian period was named after the capital Heian-kvo, the modern Kyoto City. It was also the peak of the Japanese imperial court. The period is noted for its literature, art and poetry (Morton & Olenik 23). During this period, the Imperial house had the power although the real power was held by the noble Fujiwara clan who had intermarried with the Japanese emperor. In Japanese, the term Heian means peace and tranquility. The establishment of Kamakura shogunate in Japan happened after the then ruling Taira clan was defeated in Genpei war. Kamakura shogunate was headed by shoguns (Mason & Caiger 158). The shoguns were hereditary military dictators of Japan. The shogunate was based in kamakura, and controlled the entire nation. Court Life in Heian Japan The Heian period saw the Fujiwara clan hold the real power. The Fujiwala clan was noble and so, they had great influence on politics and culture in Japan (Mason & Caiger 249). The noble families’ life was focused on manners and beauty guided by a powerful civil code called miyabi. At the Kyoto court, etiquette, appearance and self-discipline were stressed (Mason & Caiger 106).

Reasons of divorce Essay

I. Introduction A. what is divorce? B. reasons of divorce Thesis Statement: Divorce should not be legalized in the Philippines because it is a long dangerous process, detrimental to the children, and will start custody battle. II. Body A. Divorce is a long and dangerous process Counter argument: the divorce process will benefit freedom from the divorcee Refutation: While on process, divorce can cause serious psychological impacts to the children unless you can find a way to make sure the child is safe. B. Divorce is detrimental to children Counter Argument: divorce will teach children to be responsible and to adapt in life situations Refutation: Children are far worse off financially, educationally and emotionally than at times when parents stay together. On top of this, their sense of stability and security will decrease rapidly as well. C. Divorce will start fights over custody Counter Argument: the offspring will be the one to choose the parent he/she will stay with. Refutation: Parents should have equal time with the child and always be there for them III. Conclusion Revision of thesis statement NO TO DIVORCE Divorce is an agreement between married people to terminate their marriage relationship. It can be referred to as dissolution of marriage and is basically, the action that ends the marriage before the death of either spouse. There are many different and complex causes and reasons for divorce, each of them specific to that particular couple’s marital relationship, their individual experiences, and personal problems. None of them may seem ‘common’ to the people going through a divorce, of course, but many of the reasons recur enough to warrant the term. Divorce has become a ubiquitous  procedure worldwide, affecting not only parents and their children, but also the people that surrounds the family unit, and therefore presents a terrifying threat for the affected child. Nevertheless, despite of the conventionality of divorce, it perseveres to affect various aspects of children’s daily lives and practice. Children and adolescents are therefore deprived of a c ustomary and stable family upbringing and hence suffer the disadvantages of a single-parent family structure. Divorce can be counted as a common legal procedure for the bifurcation of marriage, which eventually results in the separation of two parents and certain division of property and final custodial guarding of children. Divorce should not be legalized in the Philippines because it is a long dangerous process, detrimental to the children, and will start custody battle. Divorce is a process that will take a long time before approval. Even though it will benefit the divorcee because of the freedom that will be gained, their offspring will suffer during the process. The freedom of the divorcee will not change that he/she will still have responsibilities to their child, It will not make sense to start a new life without looking back and bringing the child he/she had in the past. During the process, their child will be unsure if his/her parents will end up together or not, and may do acts of rebellion because of the situation. Divorce can cause serious psychological impacts to the children un less the parents can find a way to make sure the child is safe. It will also cost a lot of money before and during process. If lots of money is used for divorce, how will they sustain the financial needs of their child? Separation of parents will cause trauma to children, Studies have distinguished that children and adolescents raised in an intact family structure display evidence of disciplined behavior, as opposed to their counterparts that are often characterized by delinquency and regressive attitude. Children experience extensive loss and unexpected change after the divorce of their parents. The majority of the effects of divorce are unpleasant since children are deprived of a formerly familiar environment and status in the community. Children typically experience grief and melancholia as they undergo through various mood changes, involving overreaction, loss of personal identity and the inability to adjust to a differential setting. Children at young age should not experience this and are too young to be responsible and adapt in this situation. Once the  divorce is approved, the main problem would be, who will take custody of the child? Custody of children is one of the most intense aspects in family litigation.The general rule is that a child under seven years old, shall not be separated from the mother which is based on the basic need of a child for his mother’s loving care article 213 of the family code provides that † no child under seven years of age shall be separated from the mother, unless the court finds compelling reasons to order otherwise†. This issue will again start a new argument to the parents and once more submitted to the court. The law of child custody is not absolute, because once the parents are separated it is automatic that the child under seven years will be with the mother, but if the mother is not able enough to sustain the needs of the child, it is not right to do so. Divorce will lead to many problems affecting the children and the people that surrounds the family unit. People should not quit relationships, they should quit three A’s, adultery, addiction, and abuse. Divorce is never a solution, it’s a suffer to a child involve. Reference: demo, d. h., and cox, m. (2000). â€Å"families with young children: a review of research in the 1990s.† journal of marriage and the family 62:876–895. amato, p. r. (2000). â€Å"the consequences of divorce for adults and children.† journal of marriage and the family 62:1269–1287. linsa (2009,march 18). Telling your spouse you want a divorce [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://debatingdivorce.blogspot.com/

Preferred Stock and Common Stock

29) All of the following features may be characteristic of preferred stock EXCEPT A) callable. B) no maturity date. C) tax-deductible dividends. D) convertible. Answer: c If a firm has class A and class B common stock outstanding, it means that A) each class receives a different dividend. B) the par value of each class is different. C) the dividend paid to one of the classes is tax deductible by the corporation. D) one of the classes is probably non-voting stock. Answer: D 33)Julian is considering purchasing the stock of Pepsi Cola because he really loves the taste of Pepsi. What should Julian be willing to pay for Pepsi today if it is expected to pay a $2 dividend in one year and he expects dividends to growth at 5 percent indefinitely? Julian requires a 12 percent return to make this investment. A) $28. 57 B) $29. 33 C) $31. 43 D) $43. 14 Answer: A Nico Custom Cycles' common stock currently pays no dividends. The company plans to begin paying dividends beginning 3 years from today. The first dividend will be $3. 0 and dividends will grow at 5 percent per year thereafter. Given a required return of 15 percent, what would you pay for the stock today? A) $25. 33 B) $18. 73 C) $29. 86 D) $20. 72 Jia's Fashions recently paid a $2 annual dividend. The company is projecting that its dividends will grow by 20 percent next year, 12 percent annually for the two years after that, and then at 6 percent annually thereafter. Based on this information, how much should Jia's Fashions common stock sell for today if her required return is 10. 5%? A) $54. 90 B) $60. 80 C) $66. 60 D) $69. 30 Answer: C Preferred Stock and Common Stock 29) All of the following features may be characteristic of preferred stock EXCEPT A) callable. B) no maturity date. C) tax-deductible dividends. D) convertible. Answer: c If a firm has class A and class B common stock outstanding, it means that A) each class receives a different dividend. B) the par value of each class is different. C) the dividend paid to one of the classes is tax deductible by the corporation. D) one of the classes is probably non-voting stock. Answer: D 33)Julian is considering purchasing the stock of Pepsi Cola because he really loves the taste of Pepsi. What should Julian be willing to pay for Pepsi today if it is expected to pay a $2 dividend in one year and he expects dividends to growth at 5 percent indefinitely? Julian requires a 12 percent return to make this investment. A) $28. 57 B) $29. 33 C) $31. 43 D) $43. 14 Answer: A Nico Custom Cycles' common stock currently pays no dividends. The company plans to begin paying dividends beginning 3 years from today. The first dividend will be $3. 0 and dividends will grow at 5 percent per year thereafter. Given a required return of 15 percent, what would you pay for the stock today? A) $25. 33 B) $18. 73 C) $29. 86 D) $20. 72 Jia's Fashions recently paid a $2 annual dividend. The company is projecting that its dividends will grow by 20 percent next year, 12 percent annually for the two years after that, and then at 6 percent annually thereafter. Based on this information, how much should Jia's Fashions common stock sell for today if her required return is 10. 5%? A) $54. 90 B) $60. 80 C) $66. 60 D) $69. 30 Answer: C